The R Project SVN R

/*
 *  R : A Computer Language for Statistical Data Analysis
 *  Copyright (C) 1995-1998  Robert Gentleman, Ross Ihaka and the
 *               R Development Core Team
 *
 *  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 *  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 *  (at your option) any later version.
 *
 *  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 *  GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 *  along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 *  Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
 */

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include <Rconfig.h>
#endif

#include "Defn.h"/*-- Maybe modularize into own Coerce.h ..*/
#include "Mathlib.h"
#include "Print.h"


/* This section of code handles type conversion for elements */
/* of data vectors.  Type coercion throughout R should use these */
/* routines to ensure consistency. */


static char *truenames[] = {
    "T",
    "True",
    "TRUE",
    "true",
    (char *) 0,
};

static char *falsenames[] = {
    "F",
    "False",
    "FALSE",
    "false",
    (char *) 0,
};

static int isblankstr(unsigned char *s)
{
    while (*s)
    if (!isspace(*s++)) return 0;
    return 1;
}

#define WARN_NA    1
#define WARN_INACC 2
#define WARN_IMAG  4

void CoercionWarning(int warn)
{
    if (warn & WARN_NA)
    warning("NAs introduced by coercion");
    if (warn & WARN_INACC)
    warning("inaccurate integer conversion in coercion");
    if (warn & WARN_IMAG)
    warning("imaginary parts discarded in coercion");
}

double R_strtod(char *c, char **end)
{
    double x;

    if (strncmp(c, "NA", 2) == 0){
    x = NA_REAL; *end = c + 2;
    }
    else if (strncmp(c, "NaN", 3) == 0) {
    x = R_NaN; *end = c + 3;
    }
    else if (strncmp(c, "Inf", 3) == 0) {
    x = R_PosInf; *end = c + 3;
    }
    else if (strncmp(c, "-Inf", 4) == 0) {
    x = R_NegInf; *end = c + 4;
    }
    else
        x = strtod(c, end);
    return x;
}

int LogicalFromInteger(int x, int *warn)
{
    return (x == NA_INTEGER) ?
    NA_LOGICAL : (x != 0);
}

int LogicalFromReal(double x, int *warn)
{
    return ISNAN(x) ?
    NA_LOGICAL : (x != 0);
}

int LogicalFromComplex(complex x, int *warn)
{
    return (ISNAN(x.r) || ISNAN(x.i)) ?
    NA_LOGICAL : (x.r != 0 || x.i != 0);
}

int LogicalFromString(SEXP x, int *warn)
{
    if (x != R_NaString) {
    int i;
    for (i = 0; truenames[i]; i++)
        if (!strcmp(CHAR(x), truenames[i]))
        return 1;
    for (i = 0; falsenames[i]; i++)
        if (!strcmp(CHAR(x), falsenames[i]))
        return 0;
    }
    return NA_LOGICAL;
}

int IntegerFromLogical(int x, int *warn)
{
    return (x == NA_LOGICAL) ?
    NA_INTEGER : x;
}

int IntegerFromReal(double x, int *warn)
{
    if (ISNAN(x))
    return NA_INTEGER;
    else if (x > INT_MAX) {
    *warn |= WARN_INACC;
    return INT_MAX;
    }
    else if (x <= INT_MIN) {
    *warn |= WARN_INACC;
    return INT_MIN+1;
    }
    return x;
}

int IntegerFromComplex(complex x, int *warn)
{
    if (ISNAN(x.r) || ISNAN(x.i))
    return NA_INTEGER;
    else if (x.r > INT_MAX) {
    *warn |= WARN_INACC;
    return INT_MAX;
    }
    else if (x.r <= INT_MIN) {
    *warn |= WARN_INACC;
    return INT_MIN+1;
    }
    if (x.i != 0)
    *warn |= WARN_IMAG;
    return x.r;
}

int IntegerFromString(SEXP x, int *warn)
{
    double xdouble;
    char *endp;
    if (x != R_NaString) {
    xdouble = strtod(CHAR(x), &endp);
    if (isblankstr(endp)) {
        if (xdouble > INT_MAX) {
        *warn |= WARN_INACC;
        return INT_MAX;
        }
        else if(xdouble < INT_MIN+1) {
        *warn |= WARN_INACC;
        return INT_MIN;
        }
        else
        return xdouble;
    }
    else *warn |= WARN_NA;
    }
    return NA_INTEGER;
}

double RealFromLogical(int x, int *warn)
{
    return (x == NA_LOGICAL) ?
    NA_REAL : x;
}

double RealFromInteger(int x, int *warn)
{
    if (x == NA_INTEGER)
    return NA_REAL;
    else
    return x;
}

double RealFromComplex(complex x, int *warn)
{
    if (ISNAN(x.r) || ISNAN(x.i))
    return NA_INTEGER;
    if (x.i != 0)
    *warn |= WARN_IMAG;
    return x.r;
}

double RealFromString(SEXP x, int *warn)
{
    double xdouble;
    char *endp;
    if (x != R_NaString) {
    xdouble = strtod(CHAR(x), &endp);
    if (isblankstr(endp))
        return xdouble;
    else
        *warn |= WARN_NA;
    }
    return NA_REAL;
}

complex ComplexFromLogical(int x, int *warn)
{
    complex z;
    if (x == NA_LOGICAL) {
    z.r = NA_REAL;
    z.i = NA_REAL;
    }
    else {
    z.r = x;
    z.i = 0;
    }
    return z;
}

complex ComplexFromInteger(int x, int *warn)
{
    complex z;
    if (x == NA_INTEGER) {
    z.r = NA_REAL;
    z.i = NA_REAL;
    }
    else {
    z.r = x;
    z.i = 0;
    }
    return z;
}

complex ComplexFromReal(double x, int *warn)
{
    complex z;
    if (ISNAN(x)) {
    z.r = NA_REAL;
    z.i = NA_REAL;
    }
    else {
    z.r = x;
    z.i = 0;
    }
    return z;
}

complex ComplexFromString(SEXP x, int *warn)
{
    double xr, xi;
    complex z;
    char *endp = CHAR(x);;
    z.r = z.i = NA_REAL;
    if (x != R_NaString) {
    xr = strtod(endp, &endp);
    if (isblankstr(endp)) {
        z.r = xr;
        z.i = 0.0;
    }
    else if (*endp == '+' || *endp == '-') {
        xi = strtod(endp, &endp);
        if (*endp++ == 'i' && isblankstr(endp)) {
        z.r = xr;
        z.i = xi;
        }
        else *warn |= WARN_NA;
    }
    else *warn |= WARN_NA;
    }
    return z;
}

SEXP StringFromLogical(int x, int *warn)
{
    int w;
    formatLogical(&x, 1, &w);
    return mkChar(EncodeLogical(x, w));
}

SEXP StringFromInteger(int x, int *warn)
{
    int w;
    formatInteger(&x, 1, &w);
    return mkChar(EncodeInteger(x, w));
}

SEXP StringFromReal(double x, int *warn)
{
    int w, d, e;
    formatReal(&x, 1, &w, &d, &e);
    return mkChar(EncodeReal(x, w, d, e));
}

SEXP StringFromComplex(complex x, int *warn)
{
    int wr, dr, er, wi, di, ei;
    formatComplex(&x, 1, &wr, &dr, &er, &wi, &di, &ei);
    return mkChar(EncodeComplex(x, wr, dr, er, wi, di, ei));
}

/* Conversion between the two list types (LISTSXP and VECSXP). */

SEXP PairToVectorList(SEXP x)
{
    SEXP xptr, xnew, xnames;
    int i, len = 0, named = 0;
    for (xptr = x ; xptr != R_NilValue ; xptr = CDR(xptr)) {
    named = named | (TAG(xptr) != R_NilValue);
    len++;
    }
    PROTECT(x);
    PROTECT(xnew = allocVector(VECSXP, len));
    for (i = 0, xptr = x; i < len; i++, xptr = CDR(xptr))
    VECTOR(xnew)[i] = CAR(xptr);
    if (named) {
    PROTECT(xnames = allocVector(STRSXP, len));
    xptr = x;
    for (i = 0, xptr = x; i < len; i++, xptr = CDR(xptr)) {
        if(TAG(xptr) == R_NilValue)
        STRING(xnames)[i] = R_BlankString;
        else
        STRING(xnames)[i] = PRINTNAME(TAG(xptr));
    }
    setAttrib(xnew, R_NamesSymbol, xnames);
    UNPROTECT(1);
    }
    copyMostAttrib(x, xnew);
    UNPROTECT(2);
    return xnew;
}

SEXP VectorToPairList(SEXP x)
{
    SEXP xptr, xnew, xnames;
    int i, len, named;
    len = length(x);
    PROTECT(x);
    PROTECT(xnew = allocList(len));
    PROTECT(xnames = getAttrib(x, R_NamesSymbol));
    named = (xnames != R_NilValue);
    xptr = xnew;
    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
    CAR(xptr) = VECTOR(x)[i];
    if (named && CHAR(STRING(xnames)[i])[0] != '\0')
        TAG(xptr) = install(CHAR(STRING(xnames)[i]));
    xptr = CDR(xptr);
    }
    copyMostAttrib(x, xnew);
    UNPROTECT(3);
    return xnew;
}

static SEXP coerceToSymbol(SEXP v)
{
    SEXP ans = R_NilValue;
    int warn;
    if (length(v) <= 0)
    error("Invalid data of mode \"%s\" (too short)",
          type2str(TYPEOF(v)));
    PROTECT(v);
    switch(TYPEOF(v)) {
    case LGLSXP:
    ans = StringFromLogical(LOGICAL(v)[0], &warn);
    break;
    case INTSXP:
    ans = StringFromInteger(INTEGER(v)[0], &warn);
    break;
    case REALSXP:
    ans = StringFromReal(REAL(v)[0], &warn);
    break;
    case CPLXSXP:
    ans = StringFromComplex(COMPLEX(v)[0], &warn);
    break;
    case STRSXP:
    ans = STRING(v)[0];
    break;
    }
    ans = install(CHAR(ans));
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return ans;
}

static SEXP coerceToLogical(SEXP v)
{
    SEXP ans;
    int i, n, warn = 0;
    PROTECT(ans = allocVector(LGLSXP, n = length(v)));
    ATTRIB(ans) = duplicate(ATTRIB(v));
    switch (TYPEOF(v)) {
    case INTSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        LOGICAL(ans)[i] = LogicalFromInteger(INTEGER(v)[i], &warn);
    break;
    case REALSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        LOGICAL(ans)[i] = LogicalFromReal(REAL(v)[i], &warn);
        break;
    case CPLXSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        LOGICAL(ans)[i] = LogicalFromComplex(COMPLEX(v)[i], &warn);
    break;
    case STRSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        LOGICAL(ans)[i] = LogicalFromString(STRING(v)[i], &warn);
    break;
    }
    if (warn) CoercionWarning(warn);
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return ans;
}

static SEXP coerceToInteger(SEXP v)
{
    SEXP ans;
    int i, n, warn = 0;
    PROTECT(ans = allocVector(INTSXP, n = LENGTH(v)));
    ATTRIB(ans) = duplicate(ATTRIB(v));
    switch (TYPEOF(v)) {
    case LGLSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        INTEGER(ans)[i] = IntegerFromLogical(LOGICAL(v)[i], &warn);
        break;
    case REALSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        INTEGER(ans)[i] = IntegerFromReal(REAL(v)[i], &warn);
    break;
    case CPLXSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        INTEGER(ans)[i] = IntegerFromComplex(COMPLEX(v)[i], &warn);
    break;
    case STRSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        INTEGER(ans)[i] = IntegerFromString(STRING(v)[i], &warn);
    break;
    }
    if (warn) CoercionWarning(warn);
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return ans;
}

static SEXP coerceToReal(SEXP v)
{
    SEXP ans;
    int i, n, warn = 0;
    PROTECT(ans = allocVector(REALSXP, n = LENGTH(v)));
    ATTRIB(ans) = duplicate(ATTRIB(v));
    switch (TYPEOF(v)) {
    case LGLSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        REAL(ans)[i] = RealFromLogical(LOGICAL(v)[i], &warn);
    break;
    case INTSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        REAL(ans)[i] = RealFromInteger(INTEGER(v)[i], &warn);
    break;
    case CPLXSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        REAL(ans)[i] = RealFromComplex(COMPLEX(v)[i], &warn);
    break;
    case STRSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        REAL(ans)[i] = RealFromString(STRING(v)[i], &warn);
    break;
    }
    if (warn) CoercionWarning(warn);
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return ans;
}

static SEXP coerceToComplex(SEXP v)
{
    SEXP ans;
    int i, n, warn = 0;
    PROTECT(ans = allocVector(CPLXSXP, n = LENGTH(v)));
    ATTRIB(ans) = duplicate(ATTRIB(v));
    switch (TYPEOF(v)) {
    case LGLSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        COMPLEX(ans)[i] = ComplexFromLogical(LOGICAL(v)[i], &warn);
    break;
    case INTSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        COMPLEX(ans)[i] = ComplexFromInteger(INTEGER(v)[i], &warn);
    break;
    case REALSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        COMPLEX(ans)[i] = ComplexFromReal(REAL(v)[i], &warn);
    break;
    case STRSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        COMPLEX(ans)[i] = ComplexFromString(STRING(v)[i], &warn);
    break;
    }
    if (warn) CoercionWarning(warn);
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return ans;
}

static SEXP coerceToString(SEXP v)
{
    SEXP ans;
    int i, n, savedigits, warn = 0;
    PROTECT(ans = allocVector(STRSXP, n = LENGTH(v)));
    ATTRIB(ans) = duplicate(ATTRIB(v));
    switch (TYPEOF(v)) {
    case LGLSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        STRING(ans)[i] = StringFromLogical(LOGICAL(v)[i], &warn);
    break;
    case INTSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        STRING(ans)[i] = StringFromInteger(INTEGER(v)[i], &warn);
    break;
    case REALSXP:
    PrintDefaults(R_NilValue);
    savedigits = R_print.digits; R_print.digits = DBL_DIG;/* MAX precision */
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        STRING(ans)[i] = StringFromReal(REAL(v)[i], &warn);
    break;
    R_print.digits = savedigits;
    case CPLXSXP:
    PrintDefaults(R_NilValue);
    savedigits = R_print.digits; R_print.digits = DBL_DIG;/* MAX precision */
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        STRING(ans)[i] = StringFromComplex(COMPLEX(v)[i], &warn);
    break;
    R_print.digits = savedigits;
    }
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return (ans);
}

static SEXP coerceToExpression(SEXP v)
{
    SEXP ans;
    int i, n;
    if (isVectorAtomic(v)) {
    n = LENGTH(v);
    PROTECT(ans = allocVector(EXPRSXP, n));
    switch (TYPEOF(v)) {
    case LGLSXP:
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        VECTOR(ans)[i] = ScalarLogical(LOGICAL(v)[i]);
        break;
    case INTSXP:
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        VECTOR(ans)[i] = ScalarInteger(INTEGER(v)[i]);
        break;
    case REALSXP:
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        VECTOR(ans)[i] = ScalarReal(REAL(v)[i]);
        break;
    case CPLXSXP:
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        VECTOR(ans)[i] = ScalarComplex(COMPLEX(v)[i]);
        break;
    case STRSXP:
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        VECTOR(ans)[i] = ScalarString(STRING(v)[i]);
        break;
#ifdef never_used
    case VECSXP:
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        VECTOR(ans)[i] = VECTOR(v)[i];
        break;
#endif
    }
    }
    else {/* not used either */
    PROTECT(ans = allocVector(EXPRSXP, 1));
    VECTOR(ans)[0] = duplicate(v);
    }
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return ans;
}

static SEXP coerceToVectorList(SEXP v)
{
    SEXP ans, tmp;
    int i, n;
    n = length(v);
    PROTECT(ans = allocVector(VECSXP, n));
    switch (TYPEOF(v)) {
    case LGLSXP:
    case INTSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        VECTOR(ans)[i] = ScalarInteger(INTEGER(v)[i]);
    break;
    case REALSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        VECTOR(ans)[i] = ScalarReal(REAL(v)[i]);
    break;
    case CPLXSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        VECTOR(ans)[i] = ScalarComplex(COMPLEX(v)[i]);
    break;
    case STRSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        VECTOR(ans)[i] = ScalarString(STRING(v)[i]);
    break;
    case LISTSXP:
    case LANGSXP:
    tmp = v;
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        VECTOR(ans)[i] = CAR(tmp);
        tmp = CDR(tmp);
    }
    break;
    default:
    UNIMPLEMENTED("coerceToVectorList");
    }
    tmp = getAttrib(v, R_NamesSymbol);
    if (tmp != R_NilValue)
    setAttrib(ans, R_NamesSymbol, tmp);
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return (ans);
}

static SEXP coerceToPairList(SEXP v)
{
    SEXP ans, ansp;
    int i, n;
    n = LENGTH(v);
    PROTECT(ansp = ans = allocList(n));
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    switch (TYPEOF(v)) {
    case LGLSXP:
        CAR(ansp) = allocVector(LGLSXP, 1);
        INTEGER(CAR(ansp))[0] = INTEGER(v)[i];
        break;
    case INTSXP:
        CAR(ansp) = allocVector(INTSXP, 1);
        INTEGER(CAR(ansp))[0] = INTEGER(v)[i];
        break;
    case REALSXP:
        CAR(ansp) = allocVector(REALSXP, 1);
        REAL(CAR(ansp))[0] = REAL(v)[i];
        break;
    case CPLXSXP:
        CAR(ansp) = allocVector(CPLXSXP, 1);
        COMPLEX(CAR(ansp))[0] = COMPLEX(v)[i];
        break;
    case STRSXP:
        CAR(ansp) = allocVector(STRSXP, 1);
        STRING(CAR(ansp))[0] = STRING(v)[i];
        break;
    case VECSXP:
        CAR(ansp) = VECTOR(v)[i];
        break;
    case EXPRSXP:
        CAR(ansp) = VECTOR(v)[i];
        break;
    default:
        UNIMPLEMENTED("coerceToPairList");
    }
    ansp = CDR(ansp);
    }
    ansp = getAttrib(v, R_NamesSymbol);
    if (ansp != R_NilValue)
    setAttrib(ans, R_NamesSymbol, ansp);
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return (ans);
}

/* Coerce a list to the given type */
static SEXP coercePairList(SEXP v, SEXPTYPE type)
{
    int i, n=0;
    SEXP rval= R_NilValue, vp, names;

    if(type == LISTSXP) return v;/* IS pairlist */
    names = v;
    if (type == EXPRSXP) {
    PROTECT(rval = allocVector(type, 1));
    VECTOR(rval)[0] = v;
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return rval;
    }
    else if (type == STRSXP) {
    n = length(v);
    PROTECT(rval = allocVector(type, n));
    for (vp = v, i = 0; vp != R_NilValue; vp = CDR(vp), i++) {
        if (isString(CAR(vp)) && length(CAR(vp)) == 1)
        STRING(rval)[i] = STRING(CAR(vp))[0];
        else
        STRING(rval)[i] = STRING(deparse1(CAR(vp), 0))[0];
    }
    }
    else if (type == VECSXP) {
    rval = PairToVectorList(v);
    return rval;
    }
    else if (isVectorizable(v)) {
    n = length(v);
    PROTECT(rval = allocVector(type, n));
    switch (type) {
    case LGLSXP:
        for (i = 0, vp = v; i < n; i++, vp = CDR(vp))
        LOGICAL(rval)[i] = asLogical(CAR(vp));
        break;
    case INTSXP:
        for (i = 0, vp = v; i < n; i++, vp = CDR(vp))
        INTEGER(rval)[i] = asInteger(CAR(vp));
        break;
    case REALSXP:
        for (i = 0, vp = v; i < n; i++, vp = CDR(vp))
        REAL(rval)[i] = asReal(CAR(vp));
        break;
    case CPLXSXP:
        for (i = 0, vp = v; i < n; i++, vp = CDR(vp))
        COMPLEX(rval)[i] = asComplex(CAR(vp));
        break;
    default:
        UNIMPLEMENTED("coercePairList");
    }
    }
    else
    error("pairlist object cannot be coerced to  vector type [%d]",type);

    /* If any tags are non-null then we */
    /* need to add a names attribute. */
    for (vp = v, i = 0; vp != R_NilValue; vp = CDR(vp))
    if (TAG(vp) != R_NilValue)
        i = 1;

    if (i) {
    i = 0;
    names = allocVector(STRSXP, n);
    for (vp = v; vp != R_NilValue; vp = CDR(vp), i++)
        if (TAG(vp) != R_NilValue)
        STRING(names)[i] = PRINTNAME(TAG(vp));
    setAttrib(rval, R_NamesSymbol, names);
    }
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return rval;
}

static SEXP coerceVectorList(SEXP v, SEXPTYPE type)
{
    int i, n;
    SEXP rval, names;

    names = v;
    rval = R_NilValue;  /* -Wall */
    if (type == EXPRSXP) {
    PROTECT(rval = allocVector(type, 1));
    VECTOR(rval)[0] = v;
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return rval;
    }
    else if (type == STRSXP) {
    n = length(v);
    PROTECT(rval = allocVector(type, n));
    for (i = 0; i < n;  i++) {
        if (isString(VECTOR(v)[i]) && length(VECTOR(v)[i]) == 1)
        STRING(rval)[i] = STRING(VECTOR(v)[i])[0];
        else
        STRING(rval)[i] = STRING(deparse1(VECTOR(v)[i], 0))[0];
    }
    }
    else if (type == LISTSXP) {
    rval = VectorToPairList(v);
    return rval;
    }
    else if (isVectorizable(v)) {
    n = length(v);
    PROTECT(rval = allocVector(type, n));
    switch (type) {
    case LGLSXP:
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        LOGICAL(rval)[i] = asLogical(VECTOR(v)[i]);
        break;
    case INTSXP:
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        INTEGER(rval)[i] = asInteger(VECTOR(v)[i]);
        break;
    case REALSXP:
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        REAL(rval)[i] = asReal(VECTOR(v)[i]);
        break;
    case CPLXSXP:
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        COMPLEX(rval)[i] = asComplex(VECTOR(v)[i]);
        break;
    default:
        UNIMPLEMENTED("coerceVectorList");
    }
    }
    else
    error("(list) object cannot be coerced to vector type %d",type);

    names = getAttrib(v, R_NamesSymbol);
    if (names != R_NilValue)
    setAttrib(rval, R_NamesSymbol, names);
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return rval;
}

SEXP coerceVector(SEXP v, SEXPTYPE type)
{
    SEXP ans = R_NilValue;  /* -Wall */
    if (TYPEOF(v) == type)
    return v;

    switch (TYPEOF(v)) {
#ifdef NOTYET
    case NILSXP:
    ans = coerceNull(v, type);
    break;
    case SYMSXP:
    ans = coerceSymbol(v, type);
    break;
#endif
    case NILSXP:
    case LISTSXP:
    case LANGSXP:
    ans = coercePairList(v, type);
    break;
    case VECSXP:
    case EXPRSXP:
    ans = coerceVectorList(v, type);
    break;
    case ENVSXP:
    error("environments cannot be coerced to other types");
    break;
    case LGLSXP:
    case INTSXP:
    case REALSXP:
    case CPLXSXP:
    case STRSXP:
    switch (type) {
    case SYMSXP:
        ans = coerceToSymbol(v);
        break;
    case LGLSXP:
        ans = coerceToLogical(v);
        break;
    case INTSXP:
        ans = coerceToInteger(v);
        break;
    case REALSXP:
        ans = coerceToReal(v);
        break;
    case CPLXSXP:
        ans = coerceToComplex(v);
        break;
    case STRSXP:
        ans = coerceToString(v);
        break;
    case EXPRSXP:
        ans = coerceToExpression(v);
        break;
    case VECSXP:
        ans = coerceToVectorList(v);
        break;
    case LISTSXP:
        ans = coerceToPairList(v);
        break;
    }
    }
    return ans;
}

SEXP CreateTag(SEXP x)
{
    if (isNull(x) || isSymbol(x))
    return x;
    if (isString(x)
    && length(x) >= 1
    && length(STRING(x)[0]) >= 1)
    x = install(CHAR(STRING(x)[0]));
    else
    x = install(CHAR(STRING(deparse1(x, 1))[0]));
    return x;
}

static SEXP asFunction(SEXP x)
{
    SEXP f, pf;
    int n;
    if (isFunction(x)) return x;
    PROTECT(f = allocSExp(CLOSXP));
    CLOENV(f) = R_GlobalEnv;
    if (NAMED(x)) PROTECT(x = duplicate(x));
    else PROTECT(x);

    if (isNull(x) || !isList(x)) {
    FORMALS(f) = R_NilValue;
    BODY(f) = x;
    }
    else {
    n = length(x);
    pf = FORMALS(f) = allocList(n - 1);
    while(--n) {
        if (TAG(x) == R_NilValue) {
        TAG(pf) = CreateTag(CAR(x));
        CAR(pf) = R_MissingArg;
        }
        else {
        CAR(pf) = CAR(x);
        TAG(pf) = TAG(x);
        }
        pf = CDR(pf);
        x = CDR(x);
    }
    BODY(f) = CAR(x);
    }
    UNPROTECT(2);
    return f;
}

static SEXP ascommon(SEXP call, SEXP u, int type)
{
    /* -> as.vector(..) or as.XXX(.) : coerce 'u' to 'type' : */
    SEXP  v;
#ifdef OLD
    if (type == SYMSXP) {
    if (TYPEOF(u) == SYMSXP)
        return u;
    if (!isString(u) || LENGTH(u) < 0 || CHAR(STRING(u)[0])[0] == '\0')
        errorcall(call, "character argument required");
    return install(CHAR(STRING(u)[0]));
    }
    else
#endif
    if (type == CLOSXP) {
    return asFunction(u);
    }
    else if (isVector(u) || isList(u) || isLanguage(u)) {
    if (NAMED(u))
        v = duplicate(u);
    else v = u;
    if (type != ANYSXP) {
        PROTECT(v);
        v = coerceVector(v, type);
        UNPROTECT(1);
    }
    /* drop attributes() and class() in some cases: */
    if ((type == LISTSXP
         /* already loses 'names' where it shouldn't:
        || type == VECSXP) */
        ) &&
        !(TYPEOF(u) == LANGSXP || TYPEOF(u) == LISTSXP ||
          TYPEOF(u) == EXPRSXP || TYPEOF(u) == VECSXP)) {
        ATTRIB(v) = R_NilValue;
        OBJECT(v) = 0;
    }
    return v;
    }
    else if (isSymbol(u) && type == STRSXP) {
    v = allocVector(STRSXP, 1);
    STRING(v)[0] = PRINTNAME(u);
    return v;
    }
    else errorcall(call, "cannot coerce to vector");
    return u;/* -Wall */
}

SEXP do_asvector(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    SEXP ans;
    int type;

    if (DispatchOrEval(call, op, args, rho, &ans, 1))
    return(ans);

    /* Method dispatch has failed, we now just */
    /* run the generic internal code */

    PROTECT(args = ans);
    checkArity(op, args);

    if (!isString(CADR(args)) || LENGTH(CADR(args)) < 1)
    errorcall(call, "invalid \"mode\" of argument");

    if (!strcmp("function", (CHAR(STRING(CADR(args))[0]))))
    type = CLOSXP;
    else
    type = str2type(CHAR(STRING(CADR(args))[0]));

    switch(type) {/* only those are valid : */
    case SYMSXP:
    case LGLSXP:
    case INTSXP:
    case REALSXP:
    case CPLXSXP:
    case STRSXP:
    case EXPRSXP:
    case VECSXP: /* list */
    case LISTSXP:/* pairlist */
    case CLOSXP: /* non-primitive function */
    case ANYSXP: /* any */
    break;
    default:
    errorcall(call, "invalid mode");
    }
    ans = ascommon(call, CAR(args), type);
    switch(TYPEOF(ans)) {/* keep attributes for these:*/
    case NILSXP:
    case VECSXP:
    case EXPRSXP:
    case LISTSXP:
    case LANGSXP:
    break;
    default:
    ATTRIB(ans) = R_NilValue;
    break;
    }
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return ans;
}


SEXP do_asfunction(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    SEXP arglist, envir, names, pargs;
    int i, n;

    checkArity(op, args);

    /* Check the arguments; we need a list and environment. */

    arglist = CAR(args);
    if (length(arglist) > 1 && !isNewList(arglist))
    errorcall(call, "list argument expected");

    envir = CADR(args);
    if (!isNull(envir) && !isEnvironment(envir))
    errorcall(call, "invalid environment");

    n = length(arglist);
    if (n < 1)
    errorcall(call, "argument must have length at least 1");
    names = getAttrib(arglist, R_NamesSymbol);
    PROTECT(pargs = args = allocList(n - 1));
    for (i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {
    CAR(pargs) = VECTOR(arglist)[i];
    if (names != R_NilValue && *CHAR(STRING(names)[i]) != '\0')
        TAG(pargs) = install(CHAR(STRING(names)[i]));
    else
        TAG(pargs) = R_NilValue;
    pargs = CDR(pargs);
    }
    CheckFormals(args);
    if( n == 1 )
    args =  mkCLOSXP(args, arglist, envir);
    else
    args =  mkCLOSXP(args, VECTOR(arglist)[n - 1], envir);
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return args;
}


SEXP do_ascall(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    SEXP ap, ans, names;
    int i, n;
    checkArity(op, args);
    args = CAR(args);
    switch (TYPEOF(args)) {
    case LANGSXP:
    ans = args;
    break;
    case VECSXP:
    case EXPRSXP:
    if(0 == (n = length(args)))
        errorcall(call,"illegal length 0 argument");
    names = getAttrib(args, R_NamesSymbol);
    PROTECT(ap = ans = allocList(n));
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        CAR(ap) = VECTOR(args)[i];
        if (names != R_NilValue && !StringBlank(STRING(names)[i]))
        TAG(ap) = install(CHAR(STRING(names)[i]));
        ap = CDR(ap);
    }
    UNPROTECT(1);
    break;
    case LISTSXP:
    ans = duplicate(args);
    break;
    default:
    errorcall(call, "invalid argument list");
    ans = R_NilValue;
    }
    TYPEOF(ans) = LANGSXP;
    TAG(ans) = R_NilValue;
    return ans;
}

/* return the type (= "detailed mode") of the SEXP */
SEXP do_typeof(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    SEXP ans;
    checkArity(op, args);
    PROTECT(ans = allocVector(STRSXP, 1));
    STRING(ans)[0] = type2str(TYPEOF(CAR(args)));
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return ans;
}

/* Define many of the <primitive> "is.xxx" functions :
   Note that  isNull, isNumeric, etc are defined in ./util.c
*/
SEXP do_is(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    SEXP ans;
    checkArity(op, args);
    PROTECT(ans = allocVector(LGLSXP, 1));
    switch (PRIMVAL(op)) {
    case NILSXP:    /* is.null */
    LOGICAL(ans)[0] = isNull(CAR(args));
    break;
    case LGLSXP:    /* is.logical */
    LOGICAL(ans)[0] = (TYPEOF(CAR(args)) == LGLSXP);
    break;
    case INTSXP:    /* is.integer */
    LOGICAL(ans)[0] = (TYPEOF(CAR(args)) == INTSXP);
    break;
    case REALSXP:   /* is.double */
    LOGICAL(ans)[0] = (TYPEOF(CAR(args)) == REALSXP);
    break;
    case CPLXSXP:   /* is.complex */
    LOGICAL(ans)[0] = (TYPEOF(CAR(args)) == CPLXSXP);
    break;
    case STRSXP:    /* is.character */
    LOGICAL(ans)[0] = (TYPEOF(CAR(args)) == STRSXP);
    break;
    case SYMSXP:    /* is.name */
    LOGICAL(ans)[0] = (TYPEOF(CAR(args)) == SYMSXP);
    break;
    case ENVSXP:    /* is.environment */
    LOGICAL(ans)[0] = (TYPEOF(CAR(args)) == ENVSXP);
    break;
    case VECSXP:    /* is.list */
    LOGICAL(ans)[0] = (TYPEOF(CAR(args)) == VECSXP ||
               TYPEOF(CAR(args)) == LISTSXP);
    break;
    case LISTSXP:   /* is.pairlist */
    LOGICAL(ans)[0] = (TYPEOF(CAR(args)) == LISTSXP ||
               TYPEOF(CAR(args)) == NILSXP);/* pairlist() -> NULL */
    break;
    case EXPRSXP:   /* is.expression */
    LOGICAL(ans)[0] = TYPEOF(CAR(args)) == EXPRSXP;
    break;

    case 50:        /* is.object */
    LOGICAL(ans)[0] = OBJECT(CAR(args));
    break;
    case 75:        /* is.factor */
    LOGICAL(ans)[0] = isFactor(CAR(args));
    break;
    case 80:
    LOGICAL(ans)[0] = isFrame(CAR(args));
    break;

    case 100:       /* is.numeric */
    LOGICAL(ans)[0] = (isNumeric(CAR(args)) &&
               !isLogical(CAR(args)));
    break;
    case 101:       /* is.matrix */
    LOGICAL(ans)[0] = isMatrix(CAR(args));
    break;
    case 102:       /* is.array */
    LOGICAL(ans)[0] = isArray(CAR(args));
    break;
    case 103:       /* is.ts */
    LOGICAL(ans)[0] = isTs(CAR(args));
    break;

    case 200:       /* is.atomic */
    switch(TYPEOF(CAR(args))) {
    case NILSXP:
    case CHARSXP:
    case LGLSXP:
    case INTSXP:
    case REALSXP:
    case CPLXSXP:
    case STRSXP:
        LOGICAL(ans)[0] = 1;
        break;
    default:
        LOGICAL(ans)[0] = 0;
        break;
    }
    break;
    case 201:       /* is.recursive */
    switch(TYPEOF(CAR(args))) {
    case VECSXP:
    case LISTSXP:
    case CLOSXP:
    case ENVSXP:
    case PROMSXP:
    case LANGSXP:
    case SPECIALSXP:
    case BUILTINSXP:
    case DOTSXP:
    case ANYSXP:
    case EXPRSXP:
        LOGICAL(ans)[0] = 1;
        break;
    default:
        LOGICAL(ans)[0] = 0;
        break;
    }
    break;

    case 300:       /* is.call */
    LOGICAL(ans)[0] = TYPEOF(CAR(args)) == LANGSXP;
    break;
    case 301:       /* is.language */
    LOGICAL(ans)[0] = (TYPEOF(CAR(args)) == SYMSXP ||
               TYPEOF(CAR(args)) == LANGSXP ||
               TYPEOF(CAR(args)) == EXPRSXP);
    break;
    case 302:       /* is.function */
    LOGICAL(ans)[0] = isFunction(CAR(args));
    break;

    case 999:       /* is.single */
    errorcall(call, "type \"single\" unimplemented in R");
    default:
    errorcall(call, "unimplemented predicate");
    }
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return (ans);
}

/* What should is.vector do ?
 * In S, if an object has no attributes it is a vector, otherwise it isn't.
 * It seems to make more sense to check for a dim attribute.
 */

SEXP do_isvector(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    SEXP ans, a;
    checkArity(op, args);
    if (!isString(CADR(args)) || LENGTH(CADR(args)) <= 0)
    errorcall(call, "invalid \"mode\" of argument");
    PROTECT(ans = allocVector(LGLSXP, 1));
    if (streql(CHAR(STRING(CADR(args))[0]), "any")) {
    LOGICAL(ans)[0] = isVector(CAR(args));/* from ./util.c */
    }
    else if (streql(CHAR(STRING(CADR(args))[0]), "numeric")) {
    LOGICAL(ans)[0] = (isNumeric(CAR(args)) &&
               !isLogical(CAR(args)));
    }
    else if (streql(CHAR(STRING(CADR(args))[0]),
            CHAR(type2str(TYPEOF(CAR(args)))))) {
    LOGICAL(ans)[0] = 1;
    }
    else
    LOGICAL(ans)[0] = 0;

    /* We allow a "names" attribute on any vector. */
    if (LOGICAL(ans)[0] && ATTRIB(CAR(args)) != R_NilValue) {
    a = ATTRIB(CAR(args));
    while(a != R_NilValue) {
        if (TAG(a) != R_NamesSymbol) {
        LOGICAL(ans)[0] = 0;
        break;
        }
        a = CDR(a);
    }
    }
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return (ans);
}

SEXP do_isna(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    SEXP ans, dims, names, x;
    int i, n;

    if (DispatchOrEval(call, op, args, rho, &ans, 1))
    return(ans);
    PROTECT(args = ans);
    checkArity(op, args);
#ifdef stringent_is
    if (!isList(CAR(args)) && !isVector(CAR(args)))
    errorcall(call, "is.na applies only to lists and vectors");
#endif
    x = CAR(args);
    n = length(x);
    ans = allocVector(LGLSXP, n);
    if (isVector(x)) {
    PROTECT(dims = getAttrib(x, R_DimSymbol));
    if (isArray(x))
        PROTECT(names = getAttrib(x, R_DimNamesSymbol));
    else
        PROTECT(names = getAttrib(x, R_NamesSymbol));
    }
    else dims = names = R_NilValue;
    switch (TYPEOF(x)) {
    case LGLSXP:
    case INTSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        LOGICAL(ans)[i] = (INTEGER(x)[i] == NA_INTEGER);
    break;
    case REALSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        LOGICAL(ans)[i] = ISNAN(REAL(x)[i]);
    break;
    case CPLXSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        LOGICAL(ans)[i] = (ISNAN(COMPLEX(x)[i].r) ||
                   ISNAN(COMPLEX(x)[i].i));
    break;
    case STRSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        LOGICAL(ans)[i] = (STRING(x)[i] == NA_STRING);
    break;

/* Same code for LISTSXP and VECSXP : */
#define LIST_VEC_NA(s)                          \
    if (!isVector(s) || length(s) > 1)              \
        LOGICAL(ans)[i] = 0;                    \
    else {                              \
        switch (TYPEOF(s)) {                    \
        case LGLSXP:                        \
        case INTSXP:                        \
            LOGICAL(ans)[i] = (INTEGER(s)[0] == NA_INTEGER);    \
            break;                      \
        case REALSXP:                       \
            LOGICAL(ans)[i] = ISNAN(REAL(s)[0]);        \
            break;                      \
        case STRSXP:                        \
            LOGICAL(ans)[i] = (STRING(s)[0] == NA_STRING);  \
            break;                      \
        case CPLXSXP:                       \
            LOGICAL(ans)[i] = (ISNAN(COMPLEX(s)[0].r)       \
                       || ISNAN(COMPLEX(s)[0].i));  \
            break;                      \
        }                           \
    }

    case LISTSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        LIST_VEC_NA(CAR(x));
        x = CDR(x);
    }
    break;
    case VECSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        SEXP s = VECTOR(x)[i];
        LIST_VEC_NA(s);
    }
    break;
    default:
    warningcall(call, "is.na() applied to non-(list or vector)");
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        LOGICAL(ans)[i] = 0;
    }
    if (dims != R_NilValue)
    setAttrib(ans, R_DimSymbol, dims);
    if (names != R_NilValue) {
    if (isArray(x))
        setAttrib(ans, R_DimNamesSymbol, names);
    else
        setAttrib(ans, R_NamesSymbol, names);
    }
    if (isVector(x))
    UNPROTECT(2);
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return ans;
}

/* Convenience for using LIST_VEC_NAN macro later */
#ifndef IEEE_754
# define R_IsNaN(x) (0)
#endif
SEXP do_isnan(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    SEXP ans, dims, names, x;
    int i, n;

    if (DispatchOrEval(call, op, args, rho, &ans, 1))
    return(ans);

    PROTECT(args = ans);
    checkArity(op, args);

#ifdef stringent_is
    if (!isList(CAR(args)) && !isVector(CAR(args)))
    errorcall(call, "is.nan applies only to lists and vectors");
#endif
    x = CAR(args);
    n = length(x);
    ans = allocVector(LGLSXP, n);
    if (isVector(x)) {
    PROTECT(dims = getAttrib(x, R_DimSymbol));
    if (isArray(x))
        PROTECT(names = getAttrib(x, R_DimNamesSymbol));
    else
        PROTECT(names = getAttrib(x, R_NamesSymbol));
    }
    else dims = names = R_NilValue;
    switch (TYPEOF(x)) {
    case LGLSXP:
    case INTSXP:
    case STRSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        LOGICAL(ans)[i] = 0;
    break;
    case REALSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        LOGICAL(ans)[i] = R_IsNaN(REAL(x)[i]);
    break;
    case CPLXSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
#ifdef IEEE_754
        LOGICAL(ans)[i] = (R_IsNaN(COMPLEX(x)[i].r) ||
                   R_IsNaN(COMPLEX(x)[i].i));
#else
        LOGICAL(ans)[i] = 0;
#endif
    break;

/* Same code for LISTSXP and VECSXP : */

#define LIST_VEC_NAN(s)                         \
    if (!isVector(s) || length(s) > 1)              \
        LOGICAL(ans)[i] = 0;                    \
    else {                              \
        switch (TYPEOF(s)) {                    \
        case LGLSXP:                        \
        case INTSXP:                        \
        case STRSXP:                        \
            LOGICAL(ans)[i] = 0;                \
            break;                      \
        case REALSXP:                       \
            LOGICAL(ans)[i] = R_IsNaN(REAL(s)[0]);      \
            break;                      \
        case CPLXSXP:                       \
            LOGICAL(ans)[i] = (R_IsNaN(COMPLEX(s)[0].r) ||  \
                       R_IsNaN(COMPLEX(s)[0].i));   \
            break;                      \
        }                           \
    }

    case LISTSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        LIST_VEC_NAN(CAR(x));
        x = CDR(x);
    }
    break;
    case VECSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        SEXP s = VECTOR(x)[i];
        LIST_VEC_NAN(s);
    }
    break;
    default:
    warningcall(call, "is.nan() applied to non-(list or vector)");
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        LOGICAL(ans)[i] = 0;
    }
    if (dims != R_NilValue)
    setAttrib(ans, R_DimSymbol, dims);
    if (names != R_NilValue) {
    if (isArray(x))
        setAttrib(ans, R_DimNamesSymbol, names);
    else
        setAttrib(ans, R_NamesSymbol, names);
    }
    if (isVector(x))
    UNPROTECT(2);
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return ans;
}
#ifndef IEEE_754
# undef R_isNaN
#endif

SEXP do_isfinite(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    SEXP ans, x, names, dims;
    int i, n;
    checkArity(op, args);
#ifdef stringent_is
    if (!isList(CAR(args)) && !isVector(CAR(args)))
    errorcall(call, "is.finite applies only to lists and vectors");
#endif
    x = CAR(args);
    n = length(x);
    ans = allocVector(LGLSXP, n);
    if (isVector(x)) {
    dims = getAttrib(x, R_DimSymbol);
    if (isArray(x))
        names = getAttrib(x, R_DimNamesSymbol);
    else
        names = getAttrib(x, R_NamesSymbol);
    }
    else dims = names = R_NilValue;
    switch (TYPEOF(x)) {
    case LGLSXP:
    case INTSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        LOGICAL(ans)[i] = (INTEGER(x)[i] != NA_INTEGER);
    break;
    case REALSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        LOGICAL(ans)[i] = R_FINITE(REAL(x)[i]);
    break;
    case CPLXSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        LOGICAL(ans)[i] = (R_FINITE(COMPLEX(x)[i].r) && R_FINITE(COMPLEX(x)[i].i));
    break;
    default:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        LOGICAL(ans)[i] = 0;
    }
    if (dims != R_NilValue)
    setAttrib(ans, R_DimSymbol, dims);
    if (names != R_NilValue) {
    if (isArray(x))
        setAttrib(ans, R_DimNamesSymbol, names);
    else
        setAttrib(ans, R_NamesSymbol, names);
    }
    return ans;
}

SEXP do_isinfinite(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    SEXP ans, x, names, dims;
    double xr, xi;
    int i, n;
    checkArity(op, args);
#ifdef stringent_is
    if (!isList(CAR(args)) && !isVector(CAR(args)))
    errorcall(call, "is.infinite applies only to list and vectors");
#endif
    x = CAR(args);
    n = length(x);
    ans = allocVector(LGLSXP, n);
    if (isVector(x)) {
    dims = getAttrib(x, R_DimSymbol);
    if (isArray(x))
        names = getAttrib(x, R_DimNamesSymbol);
    else
        names = getAttrib(x, R_NamesSymbol);
    }
    else    dims = names = R_NilValue;
#ifdef IEEE_754
    switch (TYPEOF(x)) {
    case REALSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        xr = REAL(x)[i];
        if (xr != xr /*NaN*/|| R_FINITE(xr))
        LOGICAL(ans)[i] = 0;
        else
        LOGICAL(ans)[i] = 1;
    }
    break;
    case CPLXSXP:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        xr = COMPLEX(x)[i].r;
        xi = COMPLEX(x)[i].i;
        if ((xr != xr || R_FINITE(xr)) && (xi != xi || R_FINITE(xi)))
        LOGICAL(ans)[i] = 0;
        else
        LOGICAL(ans)[i] = 1;
    }
    break;
    default:
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
        LOGICAL(ans)[i] = 0;
    }
#else
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
    LOGICAL(ans)[i] = 0;
#endif
    if (!isNull(dims))
    setAttrib(ans, R_DimSymbol, dims);
    if (!isNull(names)) {
    if (isArray(x))
        setAttrib(ans, R_DimNamesSymbol, names);
    else
        setAttrib(ans, R_NamesSymbol, names);
    }
    return ans;
}

SEXP do_call(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    SEXP rest, evargs, rfun;

    PROTECT(rfun = eval(CAR(args), rho));
    if (!isString(rfun) || length(rfun) <= 0 ||
    streql(CHAR(STRING(rfun)[0]), ""))
    errorcall(call, "first argument must be a character string");
    PROTECT(rfun = install(CHAR(STRING(rfun)[0])));
    PROTECT(evargs = duplicate(CDR(args)));
    for (rest = evargs; rest != R_NilValue; rest = CDR(rest))
    CAR(rest) = eval(CAR(rest), rho);
    rfun = LCONS(rfun, evargs);
    UNPROTECT(3);
    return (rfun);
}

SEXP do_docall(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    SEXP c, fun, names;
    int i, n;

    checkArity(op, args);

    fun = CAR(args);
    args = CADR(args);

    if (!isString(fun) || length(fun) <= 0 || CHAR(STRING(fun)[0]) == '\0')
        errorcall(call, "first argument must be a string");

    if (!isNull(args) && !isNewList(args))
    errorcall(call, "second argument must be a list");
    n = length(args);
    names = getAttrib(args, R_NamesSymbol);

    PROTECT(c = call = allocList(n + 1));
    TYPEOF(c) = LANGSXP;
    CAR(c) = install(CHAR(STRING(fun)[0]));
    c = CDR(c);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
#ifndef NEW
    CAR(c) = VECTOR(args)[i];
#else
    CAR(c) = mkPROMISE(VECTOR(args)[i], rho);
    PRVALUE(CAR(c)) = VECTOR(args)[i];
#endif
    if (ItemName(names, i) != R_NilValue)
        TAG(c) = install(CHAR(ItemName(names, i)));
    c = CDR(c);
    }
    call = eval(call, rho);
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return call;
}


/* do_substitute has two arguments, an expression and an environment */
/* (optional).  Symbols found in the expression are substituted with their */
/* values as found in the environment.  There is no inheritance so only */
/* the supplied environment is searched. If no environment is specified */
/* the environment in which substitute was called is used.  If the */
/* specified environment is R_NilValue then R_GlobalEnv is used. */
/* Arguments to do_substitute should not be evaluated. */

SEXP substitute(SEXP lang, SEXP rho)
{
    SEXP t;
    switch (TYPEOF(lang)) {
    case PROMSXP:
    return substitute(PREXPR(lang), rho);
    case SYMSXP:
    t = findVarInFrame( rho, lang);
    if (t != R_UnboundValue) {
        if (TYPEOF(t) == PROMSXP) {
        do {
            t = PREXPR(t);
        }
        while(TYPEOF(t) == PROMSXP);
        return t;
#ifdef OLD
        return substitute(PREXPR(t), rho);
        return PREXPR(t);
#endif
        }
        else if (TYPEOF(t) == DOTSXP) {
        error("... used in an incorrect context");
        }
        if (rho != R_GlobalEnv)
        return t;
    }
    return (lang);
    case LANGSXP:
    return substituteList(lang, rho);
    default:
    return (lang);
    }
}


/* Work through a list doing substitute on the */
/* elements taking particular care to handle ... */

SEXP substituteList(SEXP el, SEXP rho)
{
    SEXP h, t;
    if (isNull(el))
    return el;
    if (CAR(el) == R_DotsSymbol) {
    h = findVar(CAR(el), rho);
    if (h == R_NilValue)
        return substituteList(CDR(el), rho);
    if (TYPEOF(h) != DOTSXP) {
        if (h == R_MissingArg)
        return substituteList(CDR(el), rho);
        error("... used in an incorrect context");
    }
    PROTECT(h = substituteList(h, R_NilValue));
    PROTECT(t = substituteList(CDR(el), rho));
    t = listAppend(h, t);
    UNPROTECT(2);
    return t;
    }
#ifdef OLD
    else if (CAR(el) == R_MissingArg) {
    return substituteList(CDR(el), rho);
    }
#endif
    else {
    PROTECT(h = substitute(CAR(el), rho));
    PROTECT(t = substituteList(CDR(el), rho));
    if (isLanguage(el))
        t = LCONS(h, t);
    else
        t = CONS(h, t);
    TAG(t) = TAG(el);
    UNPROTECT(2);
    return t;
    }
}

SEXP do_substitute(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    SEXP env, s, t;
    /* set up the environment for substitution */
    if (length(args) == 1)
    env = rho;
    else
    env = eval(CADR(args), rho);
    if (env == R_NilValue)
    env = R_GlobalEnv;
    if (TYPEOF(env) == VECSXP)
    env = VectorToPairList(env);
    if (TYPEOF(env) == LISTSXP) {
    PROTECT(s = duplicate(env));
    PROTECT(env = allocSExp(ENVSXP));
    FRAME(env) = s;
    UNPROTECT(2);
    }
    if (TYPEOF(env) != ENVSXP)
    errorcall(call, "invalid environment specified");

    PROTECT(env);
    PROTECT(t = duplicate(args));
    CDR(t) = R_NilValue;
    s = substituteList(t, env);
    UNPROTECT(2);
    return CAR(s);
}