The R Project SVN R

\name{DateTimeClasses}
% implementation mostly in ../R/datetime.R
\alias{DateTimeClasses}
\alias{POSIXct}
\alias{POSIXlt}
\alias{POSIXt}
\alias{print.POSIXct}
\alias{print.POSIXlt}
\alias{summary.POSIXct}
\alias{summary.POSIXlt}
\alias{+.POSIXt}
\alias{-.POSIXt}
\alias{Ops.POSIXt}
\alias{Math.POSIXt}
\alias{Summary.POSIXct}
\alias{Math.POSIXlt}
\alias{Summary.POSIXlt}
\alias{[.POSIXct}
\alias{[<-.POSIXct}
\alias{[[.POSIXct}
\alias{[.POSIXlt}
\alias{[<-.POSIXlt}
\alias{as.data.frame.POSIXct}
\alias{as.data.frame.POSIXlt}
\alias{.leap.seconds}
\alias{is.na.POSIXlt}
\alias{all.equal.POSIXct}
\alias{c.POSIXct}
\alias{c.POSIXlt}
\alias{as.matrix.POSIXlt}
\alias{mean.POSIXct}
\alias{mean.POSIXlt}
\alias{str.POSIXt}

\title{Date-Time Classes}
\description{
  Description of the classes \code{"POSIXlt"} and \code{"POSIXct"}
  representing calendar dates and times (to the nearest second). 
}
\usage{
\method{print}{POSIXct}(x, \dots)

\method{summary}{POSIXct}(object, digits = 15, \dots)

time + number
time - number
time1 lop time2
}
\arguments{
  \item{x, object}{An object to be printed or summarized from one of the
    date-time classes.}
  \item{digits}{Number of significant digits for the computations:
    should be high enough to represent the least important time unit
    exactly.}
  \item{\dots}{Further arguments to be passed from or to other methods.}
  \item{time, time1, time2}{date-time objects.}
  \item{number}{a numeric object.}
  \item{lop}{One of \code{==}, \code{!=}, \code{<}, \code{<=}, \code{>}
    or \code{>=}.}
}
\details{
  There are two basic classes of date/times.  Class \code{"POSIXct"}
  represents the (signed) number of seconds since the beginning of 1970
  as a numeric vector.  Class \code{"POSIXlt"} is a named list of
  vectors representing
  \describe{
    \item{\code{sec}}{0--61: seconds}
    \item{\code{min}}{0--59: minutes}
    \item{\code{hour}}{0--23: hours}
    \item{\code{mday}}{1--31: day of the month}
    \item{\code{mon}}{0--11: months after the first of the year.}
    \item{\code{year}}{Years since 1900.}
    \item{\code{wday}}{0--6 day of the week, starting on Sunday.}
    \item{\code{yday}}{0--365: day of the year.}
    \item{\code{isdst}}{Daylight savings time flag. Positive if in
      force, zero if not, negative if unknown.}
  }
  The classes correspond to the ANSI C constructs of \dQuote{calendar
    time} (the \code{time\_t} data type) and \dQuote{local time} (or
  broken-down time, the \code{struct tm} data type), from which they
  also inherit their names.

  \code{"POSIXct"} is more convenient for including in data frames, and
  \code{"POSIXlt"} is closer to human-readable forms.
  A virtual class \code{"POSIXt"} inherits from both of the classes: it
  is used to allow operations such as subtraction to mix the two classes.

  Logical comparisons and limited arithmetic are available for both classes.
  One can add or subtract a number of seconds or a
  \code{\link{difftime}} object from a date-time object,
  but not add two date-time objects.  Subtraction of two date-time objects
  is equivalent to using \code{\link{difftime}}.  Be aware
  that \code{"POSIXlt"} objects will be interpreted as being in the
  current timezone for these operations, unless a timezone has been
  specified.

  \code{"POSIXlt"} objects will often have an attribute \code{"tzone"},
  a character vector of length 3 giving the timezone name from the
  \env{TZ} environment variable and the names of the base timezone
  and the alternate (daylight-saving) timezone.  Sometimes this may
  just be of length one, giving the timezone name.

  \code{"POSIXct"} objects may also have an attribute \code{"tzone"}, a
  character vector of length one.  If set, it will determine how the
  object is converted to class \code{"POSIXlt"} and in particular how it
  is printed.  This is usually desirable, but if you want to specify an
  object in a particular timezone but to be printed in the current
  timezone you may want to remove the \code{"tzone"} attribute (e.g. by
  \code{c(x)}).

  Unfortunately, the conversion is complicated by the operation of time
  zones and leap seconds (22 days have been 86401 seconds long so far:
  the times of the extra seconds are in the object \code{.leap.seconds}).
  The details of this are entrusted to the OS services where possible.
  This will usually cover the period 1970--2037, and on Unix machines
  back to 1902 (when time zones were in their infancy).  Outside those
  ranges we use our own C code.  This uses the offset from GMT in use
  in the timezone in 2000, and uses the alternate (daylight-saving)
  timezone only if \code{isdst} is positive.

  It seems that some systems use leap seconds but most do not. This is
  detected and corrected for at build time, so all \code{"POSIXct"}
  times used by \R do not include leap seconds.  (Conceivably this could
  be wrong if the system has changed since build time, just possibly by
  changing locales.)

  Using \code{\link{c}} on \code{"POSIXlt"} objects converts them to the
  current time zone.
}
\seealso{
  \code{\link{as.POSIXct}} and \code{\link{as.POSIXlt}} for conversion
  between the classes.

  \code{\link{strptime}} for conversion to and from character
  representations.

  \code{\link{Sys.time}} for clock time as a \code{"POSIXct"} object.

  \code{\link{difftime}} for time intervals.

  \code{\link{cut.POSIXt}}, \code{\link{seq.POSIXt}},
  \code{\link{round.POSIXt}} and \code{\link{trunc.POSIXt}} for methods
  for these classes.

  \code{\link{weekdays.POSIXt}} for convenience extraction functions.
}
\section{Warning}{
  Some Unix-like systems (especially Linux ones) do not have \code{"TZ"}
  set, yet have internal code that expects it (as does POSIX).  We have
  tried to work around this, but if you get unexpected results try
  setting \code{"TZ"}.
}
\examples{
(z <- Sys.time())             # the current date, as class "POSIXct"

Sys.time() - 3600             # an hour ago

as.POSIXlt(Sys.time(), "GMT") # the current time in GMT
format(.leap.seconds)         # all 22 leapseconds in your timezone
print(.leap.seconds, tz="PST8PDT")  # and in Seattle's
}
\keyword{utilities}
\keyword{chron}