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Rev 88178 Rev 88896
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## Nice for taking margins ...
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## Nice for taking margins ...
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xtabs(Freq ~ Gender + Admit, DF)
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xtabs(Freq ~ Gender + Admit, DF)
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## And for testing independence ...
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## And for testing independence ...
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summary(xtabs(Freq ~ ., DF))
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summary(xtabs(Freq ~ ., DF))
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## with NA's
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## with NAs
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DN <- DF; DN[cbind(6:9, c(1:2,4,1))] <- NA
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DN <- DF; DN[cbind(6:9, c(1:2,4,1))] <- NA
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DN # 'Freq' is missing only for (Rejected, Female, B)
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DN # 'Freq' is missing only for (Rejected, Female, B)
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(xtNA <- xtabs(Freq ~ Gender + Admit, DN))     # NA prints 'invisibly'
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(xtNA <- xtabs(Freq ~ Gender + Admit, DN))     # NA prints 'invisibly'
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print(xtNA, na.print = "NA")                   # show NA's better
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print(xtNA, na.print = "NA")                   # show NAs better
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xtabs(Freq ~ Gender + Admit, DN, na.rm = TRUE) # ignore missing Freq
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xtabs(Freq ~ Gender + Admit, DN, na.rm = TRUE) # ignore missing Freq
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## Use addNA = TRUE to tabulate missing factor levels:
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## Use addNA = TRUE to tabulate missing factor levels:
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xtabs(Freq ~ Gender + Admit, DN, addNA = TRUE)
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xtabs(Freq ~ Gender + Admit, DN, addNA = TRUE)
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xtabs(Freq ~ Gender + Admit, DN, addNA = TRUE, na.rm = TRUE)
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xtabs(Freq ~ Gender + Admit, DN, addNA = TRUE, na.rm = TRUE)
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## na.action = na.omit removes all rows with NAs right from the start:
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## na.action = na.omit removes all rows with NAs right from the start: