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% File src/library/stats/man/ppoints.Rd
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% File src/library/stats/man/ppoints.Rd
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% Part of the R package, https://www.R-project.org
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% Part of the R package, https://www.R-project.org
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% Copyright 1995-2017 R Core Team
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% Copyright 1995-2025 R Core Team
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% Distributed under GPL 2 or later
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% Distributed under GPL 2 or later
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\name{ppoints}
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\name{ppoints}
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\title{Ordinates for Probability Plotting}
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\title{Ordinates for Probability Plotting}
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\usage{
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\usage{
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  \code{ppoints()} is used in \code{qqplot} and \code{qqnorm} to generate
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  \code{ppoints()} is used in \code{qqplot} and \code{qqnorm} to generate
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  the set of probabilities at which to evaluate the inverse distribution.
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  the set of probabilities at which to evaluate the inverse distribution.
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  The choice of \code{a} follows the documentation of the function of the
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  The choice of \code{a} follows the documentation of the function of the
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  same name in \bibcite{Becker \abbr{et al.}\sspace(1988)}, and appears to have been
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  same name in \bibcitet{R:Becker+Chambers+Wilks:1988}, and appears to have been
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  motivated by results from \bibcite{Blom (1958)} on approximations to expect normal
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  motivated by results from \bibcitet{R:Blom:1958} on approximations to expect normal
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  order statistics (see also \code{\link{quantile}}).
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  order statistics (see also \code{\link{quantile}}).
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  The probability points for the continuous sample quantile types 5 to 9
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  The probability points for the continuous sample quantile types 5 to 9
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  (see \code{\link{quantile}}) can be obtained by taking \code{a} as,
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  (see \code{\link{quantile}}) can be obtained by taking \code{a} as,
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  respectively, 1/2, 0, 1, 1/3, and 3/8.
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  respectively, 1/2, 0, 1, 1/3, and 3/8.
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}
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}
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\references{
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\references{
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  Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988)
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  \emph{The New S Language}.
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  Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
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  Blom, G. (1958)
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  \emph{Statistical Estimates and Transformed Beta Variables.}
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  Wiley
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  \bibshow{*}
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}
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}
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\seealso{
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\seealso{
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  \code{\link{qqplot}}, \code{\link{qqnorm}}.
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  \code{\link{qqplot}}, \code{\link{qqnorm}}.
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}
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}
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\examples{
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\examples{