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\concept{Spearman's rho}
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\concept{Spearman's rho}
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\title{Test for Association/Correlation Between Paired Samples}
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\title{Test for Association/Correlation Between Paired Samples}
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\description{
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\description{
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Test for association between paired samples, using one of
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Test for association between paired samples, using one of
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Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient,
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Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient,
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Kendall's \eqn{\tau}{tau} or Spearman's \eqn{\rho}{rho}.
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Kendall's \eqn{\tau} or Spearman's \eqn{\rho}.
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}
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}
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\usage{
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\usage{
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cor.test(x, \dots)
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cor.test(x, \dots)
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\method{cor.test}{default}(x, y,
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\method{cor.test}{default}(x, y,
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to positive association, \code{"less"} to negative association.}
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to positive association, \code{"less"} to negative association.}
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\item{method}{a character string indicating which correlation
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\item{method}{a character string indicating which correlation
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coefficient is to be used for the test. One of \code{"pearson"},
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coefficient is to be used for the test. One of \code{"pearson"},
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\code{"kendall"}, or \code{"spearman"}, can be abbreviated.}
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\code{"kendall"}, or \code{"spearman"}, can be abbreviated.}
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\item{exact}{a logical indicating whether an exact p-value should be
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\item{exact}{a logical indicating whether an exact p-value should be
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computed. Used for Kendall's \eqn{\tau}{tau} and
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computed. Used for Kendall's \eqn{\tau} and
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Spearman's \eqn{\rho}{rho}.
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Spearman's \eqn{\rho}.
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See \sQuote{Details} for the meaning of \code{NULL} (the default).}
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See \sQuote{Details} for the meaning of \code{NULL} (the default).}
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\item{conf.level}{confidence level for the returned confidence
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\item{conf.level}{confidence level for the returned confidence
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interval. Currently only used for the Pearson product moment
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interval. Currently only used for the Pearson product moment
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correlation coefficient if there are at least 4 complete pairs of
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correlation coefficient if there are at least 4 complete pairs of
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observations.}
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observations.}
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\item{continuity}{logical: if true, a continuity correction is used
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\item{continuity}{logical: if true, a continuity correction is used
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for Kendall's \eqn{\tau}{tau} and Spearman's \eqn{\rho}{rho} when
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for Kendall's \eqn{\tau} and Spearman's \eqn{\rho} when
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not computed exactly.}
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not computed exactly.}
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\item{formula}{a formula of the form \code{~ u + v}, where each of
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\item{formula}{a formula of the form \code{~ u + v}, where each of
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\code{u} and \code{v} are numeric variables giving the data values
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\code{u} and \code{v} are numeric variables giving the data values
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for one sample. The samples must be of the same length.}
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for one sample. The samples must be of the same length.}
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\item{data}{an optional matrix or data frame (or similar: see
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\item{data}{an optional matrix or data frame (or similar: see
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if the samples follow independent normal distributions. If there are
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if the samples follow independent normal distributions. If there are
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at least 4 complete pairs of observation, an asymptotic confidence
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at least 4 complete pairs of observation, an asymptotic confidence
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interval is given based on Fisher's Z transform.
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interval is given based on Fisher's Z transform.
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If \code{method} is \code{"kendall"} or \code{"spearman"}, Kendall's
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If \code{method} is \code{"kendall"} or \code{"spearman"}, Kendall's
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\eqn{\tau}{tau} or Spearman's \eqn{\rho}{rho} statistic is used to
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\eqn{\tau} or Spearman's \eqn{\rho} statistic is used to
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estimate a rank-based measure of association. These tests may be used
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estimate a rank-based measure of association. These tests may be used
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if the data do not necessarily come from a bivariate normal
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if the data do not necessarily come from a bivariate normal
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distribution.
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distribution.
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For Kendall's test, by default (if \code{exact} is NULL), an exact
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For Kendall's test, by default (if \code{exact} is NULL), an exact
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