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\name{write.table}
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\name{write.table}
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\alias{write.table}
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\alias{write.table}
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\title{Data Output}
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\title{Data Output}
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\description{
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\description{
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\code{write.table} prints its required argument \code{x} (after
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\code{write.table} prints its required argument \code{x} (after
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converting it to a data frame if it is not one already) to
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converting it to a data frame if it is not one already) to
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\code{file}. The entries in each line (row) are separated by the
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\code{file}. The entries in each line (row) are separated by the
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value of \code{sep}.
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value of \code{sep}.
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}
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}
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\usage{
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\usage{
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write.table(x, file = "", append = FALSE, quote = TRUE, sep = " ",
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write.table(x, file = "", append = FALSE, quote = TRUE, sep = " ",
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eol = "\n", na = "NA", dec = ".", row.names = TRUE,
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eol = "\n", na = "NA", dec = ".", row.names = TRUE,
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col.names = TRUE, qmethod = c("escape", "double"))
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col.names = TRUE, qmethod = c("escape", "double"))
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}
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}
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\arguments{
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\arguments{
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\item{x}{the object to be written, typically a data frame. If not, it
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\item{x}{the object to be written, typically a data frame. If not, it
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is attempted to coerce \code{x} to a data frame.}
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is attempted to coerce \code{x} to a data frame.}
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\item{file}{either a character string naming a file or a connection.
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\item{file}{either a character string naming a file or a connection.
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\code{""} indicates output to the console.}
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\code{""} indicates output to the console.}
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\item{append}{logical. If \code{TRUE}, the output is appended to the
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\item{append}{logical. If \code{TRUE}, the output is appended to the
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file. If \code{FALSE}, any existing file of the name is destroyed.}
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file. If \code{FALSE}, any existing file of the name is destroyed.}
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\item{quote}{a logical or a numeric vector. If \code{TRUE}, any
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\item{quote}{a logical value or a numeric vector. If \code{TRUE}, any
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character or factor columns will be surrounded by double quotes. If
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character or factor columns will be surrounded by double quotes. If
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a numeric vector, its elements are taken as the indices of the
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a numeric vector, its elements are taken as the indices of the
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variable (columns) to quote. In both cases, row and columns names
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columns to quote. In both cases, row and column names
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are quoted if they are written, but not if \code{quote is FALSE}.}
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are quoted if they are written. If \code{FALSE}, nothing is quoted.}
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\item{sep}{the field separator string. Values within each row of
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\item{sep}{the field separator string. Values within each row of
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\code{x} are separated by this string.}
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\code{x} are separated by this string.}
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\item{eol}{the character(s) to print at the end of each line (row).}
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\item{eol}{the character(s) to print at the end of each line (row).}
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\item{na}{the string to use for missing values in the data.}
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\item{na}{the string to use for missing values in the data.}
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\item{dec}{the string to use for decimal points.}
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\item{dec}{the string to use for decimal points.}
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\item{row.names}{either a logical value indicating whether the row
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\item{row.names}{either a logical value indicating whether the row
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names of \code{x} are to be written along with \code{x}, or a
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names of \code{x} are to be written along with \code{x}, or a
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character vector of row names to be written.}
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character vector of row names to be written.}
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\item{col.names}{either a logical value indicating whether the column
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\item{col.names}{either a logical value indicating whether the column
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names of \code{x} are to be written along with \code{x}, or a
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names of \code{x} are to be written along with \code{x}, or a
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character vector of column names to be written.}
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character vector of column names to be written.}
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\item{qmethod}{a character string specifying how to deal with embedded
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\item{qmethod}{a character string specifying how to deal with embedded
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double quote characters when quoting strings. Must be one of
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double quote characters when quoting strings. Must be one of
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\code{"escape"} (default), in which case the quote character is
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\code{"escape"} (default), in which case the quote character is
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escaped in C style by a backslash, or \code{"double"}, in which case
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escaped in C style by a backslash, or \code{"double"}, in which case
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it is doubled. You can specify just the initial letter.}
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it is doubled. You can specify just the initial letter.}
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}
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}
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\details{
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\details{
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Normally there is no column name for a column of row names. If
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Normally there is no column name for a column of row names. If
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\code{col.names=NA} a blank column name is added. This can be used to
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\code{col.names=NA} a blank column name is added. This can be used to
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write CSV files for input to spreadsheets.
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write CSV files for input to spreadsheets.
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\code{write.table} can be slow for data frames with large numbers
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\code{write.table} can be slow for data frames with large numbers
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(hundreds or more) of columns: this is inevitable as each column could
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(hundreds or more) of columns: this is inevitable as each column could
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be of a different class and so must be handled separately.
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be of a different class and so must be handled separately.
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Function \code{\link[MASS]{write.matrix}} in package \pkg{MASS}
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Function \code{\link[MASS]{write.matrix}} in package \pkg{MASS}
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may be much more efficient if \code{x} is a matrix or can be
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may be much more efficient if \code{x} is a matrix or can be
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represented in a numeric matrix.
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represented in a numeric matrix.
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}
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}
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\seealso{
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\seealso{
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The \dQuote{R Data Import/Export} manual.
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The \dQuote{R Data Import/Export} manual.
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\code{\link{read.table}}, \code{\link{write}}.
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\code{\link{read.table}}, \code{\link{write}}.
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\code{\link[MASS]{write.matrix}}.
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\code{\link[MASS]{write.matrix}}.
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}
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}
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\examples{
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\examples{
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\dontrun{
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\dontrun{
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## To write a CSV file for input to Excel one might use
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## To write a CSV file for input to Excel one might use
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write.table(x, file = "foo.csv", sep = ",", col.names = NA)
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write.table(x, file = "foo.csv", sep = ",", col.names = NA)
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## and to read this file back into R one needs
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## and to read this file back into R one needs
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read.table("file.csv", header = TRUE, sep = ",", row.names=1)
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read.table("file.csv", header = TRUE, sep = ",", row.names=1)
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}}
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}}
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\keyword{print}
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\keyword{print}
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\keyword{file}
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\keyword{file}
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