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\description{
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\description{
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By default \code{traceback()} prints the call stack of the last
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By default \code{traceback()} prints the call stack of the last
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uncaught error, i.e., the sequence of calls that lead to the error.
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uncaught error, i.e., the sequence of calls that lead to the error.
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This is useful when an error occurs with an unidentifiable error
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This is useful when an error occurs with an unidentifiable error
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message. It can also be used to print the current stack or
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message. It can also be used to print the current stack or
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arbitrary lists of deparsed calls.
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arbitrary lists of deparsed calls.
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}
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}
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\usage{
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\usage{
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traceback(x = NULL, max.lines = getOption("deparse.max.lines"))
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traceback(x = NULL, max.lines = getOption("deparse.max.lines"))
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}
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}
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\arguments{
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\arguments{
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\item{x}{\code{NULL} (default, meaning \code{.Traceback}), or an
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\item{x}{\code{NULL} (default, meaning \code{.Traceback}), or an
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integer count of calls to skip in the current stack, or a list or
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integer count of calls to skip in the current stack, or a list or
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pairlist of deparsed calls. See the details.}
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pairlist of deparsed calls. See the details.}
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\item{max.lines}{The maximum number of lines to be printed
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\item{max.lines}{The maximum number of lines to be printed
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\emph{per call}. The default is unlimited.}
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\emph{per call}. The default is unlimited.}
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}
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}
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\details{
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\details{
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The default display is of the stack of the last uncaught error as
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The default display is of the stack of the last uncaught error as
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\code{traceback} prints in a user-friendly format. The stack of
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\code{traceback} prints in a user-friendly format. The stack of
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deparsed calls always contains all function calls and all foreign
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deparsed calls always contains all function calls and all foreign
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function calls (such as \code{\link{.Call}}): if profiling is in
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function calls (such as \code{\link{.Call}}): if profiling is in
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progress it will include calls to some primitive functions. (Calls
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progress it will include calls to some primitive functions. (Calls
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to builtins are included, but not to specials.)
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to builtins are included, but not to specials.)
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Errors which are caught \emph{via} \code{\link{try}} or
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Errors which are caught \emph{via} \code{\link{try}} or
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\code{\link{tryCatch}} do not generate a traceback, so what is printed
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\code{\link{tryCatch}} do not generate a traceback, so what is printed
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is the call sequence for the last uncaught error, and not necessarily
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is the call sequence for the last uncaught error, and not necessarily
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for the last error.
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for the last error.
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If \code{x} is numeric, then the current stack is printed, skipping
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If \code{x} is numeric, then the current stack is printed, skipping
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\code{x} entries at the top of the stack. For example,
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\code{x} entries at the top of the stack. For example,
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\code{options(error = function() traceback(2))} will print the stack
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\code{options(error = function() traceback(2))} will print the stack
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at the time of the error, skipping the call to \code{traceback()}
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at the time of the error, skipping the call to \code{traceback()}
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and the error function that called it.
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and the error function that called it.
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Otherwise, \code{x} is assumed to be a list or pairlist of deparsed
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Otherwise, \code{x} is assumed to be a list or pairlist of deparsed
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calls and will be displayed in the same way.
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calls and will be displayed in the same way.
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}
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}
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\value{
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\value{
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\code{traceback()} prints the deparsed call stack deepest call
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\code{traceback()} prints the deparsed call stack deepest call
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