| Line 7... |
Line 7... |
| 7 |
is an expression, the argument is interpreted as a mathematical
|
7 |
is an expression, the argument is interpreted as a mathematical
|
| 8 |
expression and the output will be formatted according to TeX-like
|
8 |
expression and the output will be formatted according to TeX-like
|
| 9 |
rules.
|
9 |
rules.
|
| 10 |
}
|
10 |
}
|
| 11 |
\details{
|
11 |
\details{
|
| 12 |
%% FIXME: use \describe instead when this works in nroff!
|
- |
|
| 13 |
A mathematical expression must obey the normal rules of syntax
|
12 |
A mathematical expression must obey the normal rules of syntax for any
|
| 14 |
for any \R expression, but it is interpreted according to very
|
13 |
\R expression, but it is interpreted according to very different rules
|
| 15 |
different rules than for normal \R expressions.
|
14 |
than for normal \R expressions.
|
| 16 |
|
15 |
|
| - |
|
16 |
\describe{
|
| - |
|
17 |
\item{\emph{Binary operators:}}{
|
| 17 |
\emph{Binary operators:} addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
|
18 |
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division use the
|
| 18 |
division use the standard \R syntax, although multiplication only
|
19 |
standard \R syntax, although multiplication only juxtaposes the
|
| - |
|
20 |
arguments.
|
| - |
|
21 |
|
| 19 |
juxtaposes the arguments. For example, \code{a+b}, \code{a-b}, and
|
22 |
For example, \code{a+b}, \code{a-b}, and \code{a/b}, produce
|
| 20 |
\code{a/b}, produce \eqn{a+b}, \eqn{a-b}, and \eqn{a/b}, but
|
23 |
\eqn{a+b}, \eqn{a-b}, and \eqn{a/b}, but \code{a*b} produces
|
| 21 |
\code{a*b} produces \eqn{ab}.
|
24 |
\eqn{ab}.}
|
| 22 |
|
25 |
|
| - |
|
26 |
\item{\emph{Unary operators:}}{
|
| 23 |
\emph{Unary operators:} positive and negative numbers are specified
|
27 |
positive and negative numbers are specified with standard syntax.
|
| - |
|
28 |
|
| 24 |
with standard syntax. For example, \code{+x} produces \eqn{+x} and
|
29 |
For example, \code{+x} produces \eqn{+x} and \code{-y} produces
|
| 25 |
\code{-y} produces \eqn{-y}.
|
30 |
\eqn{-y}.}
|
| 26 |
|
31 |
|
| - |
|
32 |
\item{\emph{Subscripts and superscripts:}}{
|
| 27 |
\emph{Subscripts and superscripts:} a subscript is specified using the
|
33 |
a subscript is specified using the subsetting syntax and a
|
| 28 |
subsetting syntax and a superscript is specified using the power
|
34 |
superscript is specified using the power syntax.
|
| - |
|
35 |
|
| 29 |
syntax. For example, \code{x[i]} produces \eqn{x_i} and \code{x^2}
|
36 |
For example, \code{x[i]} produces \eqn{x_i} and \code{x^2}
|
| 30 |
produces \eqn{x^2}.
|
37 |
produces \eqn{x^2}.}
|
| 31 |
|
38 |
|
| - |
|
39 |
\item{\emph{Accents:}}{
|
| 32 |
\emph{Accents:} accented expressions are specified using the special
|
40 |
accented expressions are specified using the special mathematical
|
| 33 |
mathematical functions \code{hat} and \code{bar}.
|
41 |
functions \code{hat} and \code{bar}.}
|
| - |
|
42 |
|
| 34 |
% For example, \code{hat(x)} produces \eqn{\hat{x}} and \code{bar(x)}
|
43 |
% For example, \code{hat(x)} produces \eqn{\hat{x}} and \code{bar(x)}
|
| 35 |
% produces \eqn{\bar{x}}.
|
44 |
% produces \eqn{\bar{x}}.
|
| 36 |
|
45 |
|
| - |
|
46 |
\item{\emph{Fractions:}}{
|
| 37 |
\emph{Fractions:} fractions are specified using the special
|
47 |
fractions are specified using the special mathematical function
|
| 38 |
mathematical function \code{frac} (or its alias, \code{over}).
|
48 |
\code{frac} (or its alias, \code{over}).}
|
| - |
|
49 |
|
| 39 |
% For example, \code{frac(1,2)} produces \eqn{1\over2}.
|
50 |
% For example, \code{frac(1,2)} produces \eqn{1\over2}.
|
| 40 |
|
51 |
|
| - |
|
52 |
\item{\emph{Relations:}}{
|
| 41 |
\emph{Relations:} equality or assignment of terms is specified using
|
53 |
equality or assignment of terms is specified using the \code{==}
|
| 42 |
the \code{==} relation. For example, \code{x == y} produces
|
54 |
relation.
|
| 43 |
\eqn{x=y}.
|
55 |
|
| - |
|
56 |
For example, \code{x == y} produces \eqn{x=y}.}
|
| 44 |
|
57 |
|
| - |
|
58 |
\item{\emph{Visible grouping:}}{
|
| 45 |
\emph{Visible grouping:} terms are visibly grouped by placing them
|
59 |
terms are visibly grouped by placing them within parentheses.
|
| - |
|
60 |
|
| 46 |
within parentheses. For example, \code{(x+y)} produces \eqn{(x+y)}.
|
61 |
For example, \code{(x+y)} produces \eqn{(x+y)}.}
|
| - |
|
62 |
|
| - |
|
63 |
\item{\emph{Invisible grouping:}}{
|
| - |
|
64 |
terms are invisibly grouped by placing them within curly braces.
|
| 47 |
|
65 |
|
| 48 |
\emph{Invisible grouping:} terms are invisibly grouped by placing them
|
- |
|
| 49 |
within curly braces. For example, \code{x^{2*y}} produces
|
66 |
For example, \code{x^{2*y}} produces \eqn{x^{2y}}, whereas
|
| 50 |
\eqn{x^{2y}}, whereas \code{x^2*y} produces \eqn{x^2y}.
|
67 |
\code{x^2*y} produces \eqn{x^2y}.}
|
| 51 |
|
68 |
|
| - |
|
69 |
\item{\emph{Big operators:}}{
|
| 52 |
\emph{Big operators:} a sum, product, or integral is specified using
|
70 |
a sum, product, or integral is specified using the special
|
| 53 |
the special mathematical function of the corresponding name. Each of
|
71 |
mathematical function of the corresponding name. Each of these
|
| 54 |
these functions takes three arguments; the first indicates what is
|
72 |
functions takes three arguments; the first indicates what is
|
| 55 |
being summed/multiplied/integrated and the second and third specify
|
73 |
being summed/multiplied/integrated and the second and third
|
| 56 |
the limits of the summation/product/integral.
|
74 |
specify the limits of the summation/product/integral.
|
| - |
|
75 |
|
| 57 |
For example, \code{sum(x[i], i==0, n)} produces
|
76 |
For example, \code{sum(x[i], i==0, n)} produces
|
| 58 |
\deqn{\sum\limits_{i=0}^n x_i}{sum_{i=0}^n x_i}.
|
77 |
\deqn{\sum\limits_{i=0}^n x_i}{sum_{i=0}^n x_i}}
|
| 59 |
|
78 |
|
| - |
|
79 |
\item{\emph{Radicals:}}{
|
| 60 |
\emph{Radicals:} a square root expression is specified using the
|
80 |
a square root expression is specified using the special
|
| 61 |
special mathematical functions \code{root} and \code{sqrt}.
|
81 |
mathematical functions \code{root} and \code{sqrt}.}
|
| - |
|
82 |
|
| 62 |
% For example, \code{sqrt(x)} produces \eqn{\sqrt x}.
|
83 |
% For example, \code{sqrt(x)} produces \eqn{\sqrt x}.
|
| 63 |
|
84 |
|
| - |
|
85 |
\item{\emph{Absolute values:}}{
|
| 64 |
\emph{Absolute values:} an absolute term is specified using the
|
86 |
an absolute term is specified using the special mathematical
|
| 65 |
special mathematical function \code{abs}. For example, \code{abs(x)}
|
87 |
function \code{abs}.
|
| - |
|
88 |
|
| 66 |
produces \eqn{|x|}.
|
89 |
For example, \code{abs(x)} produces \eqn{|x|}.}
|
| 67 |
|
90 |
|
| - |
|
91 |
\item{\emph{Juxtaposition:}}{
|
| 68 |
\emph{Juxtaposition:} multiple terms are juxtaposed using the special
|
92 |
multiple terms are juxtaposed using the special mathematical
|
| 69 |
mathematical function \code{paste}. For example,
|
93 |
function \code{paste}.
|
| - |
|
94 |
|
| 70 |
\code{paste(over(b, 2), y, sum(x))} produces
|
95 |
For example, \code{paste(over(b, 2), y, sum(x))} produces
|
| 71 |
\eqn{\frac{b}{2} y \sum x}{b/2 y sum(x)}.
|
96 |
\eqn{\frac{b}{2} y \sum x}{b/2 y sum(x)}.}
|
| 72 |
|
97 |
|
| - |
|
98 |
\item{\emph{Typeface changes:}}{
|
| 73 |
\emph{Typeface changes:} the default font in mathematical expressions
|
99 |
the default font in mathematical expressions is italic (except for
|
| 74 |
is italic (except for terms which are symbols). A new typeface is
|
100 |
terms which are symbols). A new typeface is specified using the
|
| 75 |
specified using the special mathematical functions \code{bold},
|
101 |
special mathematical functions \code{bold}, \code{italic},
|
| 76 |
\code{italic}, \code{plain}, and \code{bolditalic}. Note that these
|
102 |
\code{plain}, and \code{bolditalic}. Note that these font
|
| 77 |
font specifications do not accumulate (i.e., \code{bold(italic(x)))}
|
103 |
specifications do not accumulate (i.e., \code{bold(italic(x)))}
|
| 78 |
gives an italic `x', whereas \code{bolditalic(x)} produces a bold,
|
104 |
gives an italic `x', whereas \code{bolditalic(x)} produces a bold,
|
| 79 |
italic `x').
|
105 |
italic `x').}
|
| 80 |
% For example, \code{plain(X)[i]} produces \eqn{\textrm{X}_i}.
|
- |
|
| 81 |
|
106 |
|
| - |
|
107 |
\item{\emph{General expressions:}}{
|
| 82 |
\emph{General expressions:} any functional expression which is not a
|
108 |
any functional expression which is not a special mathematical
|
| 83 |
special mathematical function is simply reproduced as a function
|
109 |
function is simply reproduced as a function expression.
|
| - |
|
110 |
|
| 84 |
expression. For example, \code{foo(x)} produces \eqn{foo(x)}.
|
111 |
For example, \code{foo(x)} produces \eqn{foo(x)}.}
|
| - |
|
112 |
}
|
| 85 |
}
|
113 |
}
|
| 86 |
\seealso{
|
114 |
\seealso{
|
| 87 |
\code{\link{axis}},
|
115 |
\code{\link{axis}},
|
| 88 |
\code{\link{mtext}},
|
116 |
\code{\link{mtext}},
|
| 89 |
\code{\link{text}},
|
117 |
\code{\link{text}},
|
| Line 93... |
Line 121... |
| 93 |
x <- seq(-4, 4, len = 101)
|
121 |
x <- seq(-4, 4, len = 101)
|
| 94 |
y <- cbind(sin(x), cos(x))
|
122 |
y <- cbind(sin(x), cos(x))
|
| 95 |
matplot(x, y, type = "l", xaxt = "n",
|
123 |
matplot(x, y, type = "l", xaxt = "n",
|
| 96 |
main = expression(paste(plain(sin) * phi, " and ",
|
124 |
main = expression(paste(plain(sin) * phi, " and ",
|
| 97 |
plain(cos) * phi)),
|
125 |
plain(cos) * phi)),
|
| 98 |
ylab = expression("sin" * phi, "cos" * phi), # only 1st is taken
|
126 |
ylab = expression("sin" * phi, "cos" * phi), # only 1st is taken
|
| 99 |
xlab = expression(paste("Phase Angle ", phi)),
|
127 |
xlab = expression(paste("Phase Angle ", phi)),
|
| 100 |
col.main = "blue")
|
128 |
col.main = "blue")
|
| 101 |
axis(1, at = c(-pi, -pi/2, 0, pi/2, pi),
|
129 |
axis(1, at = c(-pi, -pi/2, 0, pi/2, pi),
|
| 102 |
lab = expression(-pi, -pi/2, 0, pi/2, pi))
|
130 |
lab = expression(-pi, -pi/2, 0, pi/2, pi))
|
| 103 |
|
131 |
|
| 104 |
plot(1:10, 1:10)
|
132 |
plot(1:10, 1:10)
|
| 105 |
text(4, 9, expression(hat(beta) == (X^t * X)^{-1} * X^t * y))
|
133 |
text(4, 9, expression(hat(beta) == (X^t * X)^{-1} * X^t * y))
|
| 106 |
text(4, 8.4, "expression(hat(beta) == (X^t * X)^{-1} * X^t * y)", cex = .8)
|
134 |
text(4, 8.4, "expression(hat(beta) == (X^t * X)^{-1} * X^t * y)",
|
| - |
|
135 |
cex = .8)
|
| 107 |
text(4, 7, expression(bar(x) == sum(frac(x[i], n), i==1, n)))
|
136 |
text(4, 7, expression(bar(x) == sum(frac(x[i], n), i==1, n)))
|
| 108 |
text(4, 6.4, "expression(bar(x) == sum(frac(x[i], n), i==1, n))", cex = .8)
|
137 |
text(4, 6.4, "expression(bar(x) == sum(frac(x[i], n), i==1, n))",
|
| - |
|
138 |
cex = .8)
|
| 109 |
text(8, 5, expression(paste(frac(1, sigma*sqrt(2*pi)), " ",
|
139 |
text(8, 5, expression(paste(frac(1, sigma*sqrt(2*pi)), " ",
|
| 110 |
plain(e)^{frac(-(x-mu)^2, 2*sigma^2)})), cex= 1.2)
|
140 |
plain(e)^{frac(-(x-mu)^2, 2*sigma^2)})),
|
| - |
|
141 |
cex= 1.2)
|
| 111 |
}
|
142 |
}
|
| 112 |
\keyword{aplot}
|
143 |
\keyword{aplot}
|
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