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% File src/library/base/man/lapply.Rd
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% File src/library/base/man/lapply.Rd
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% Part of the R package, http://www.R-project.org
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% Part of the R package, http://www.R-project.org
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% Copyright 1995-2011 R Core Team
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% Copyright 1995-2013 R Core Team
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% Distributed under GPL 2 or later
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% Distributed under GPL 2 or later
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\name{lapply}
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\name{lapply}
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\title{Apply a Function over a List or Vector}
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\title{Apply a Function over a List or Vector}
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\alias{lapply}
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\alias{lapply}
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Simplification is always done in \code{vapply}. This function
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Simplification is always done in \code{vapply}. This function
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checks that all values of \code{FUN} are compatible with the
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checks that all values of \code{FUN} are compatible with the
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\code{FUN.VALUE}, in that they must have the same length and type.
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\code{FUN.VALUE}, in that they must have the same length and type.
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(Types may be promoted to a higher type within the ordering logical
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(Types may be promoted to a higher type within the ordering logical
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< integer < real < complex, but not demoted.)
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< integer < double < complex, but not demoted.)
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Users of S4 classes should pass a list to \code{lapply} and
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Users of S4 classes should pass a list to \code{lapply} and
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\code{vapply}: the internal coercion is done by the \code{as.list} in
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\code{vapply}: the internal coercion is done by the \code{as.list} in
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the base namespace and not one defined by a user (e.g. by setting S4
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the base namespace and not one defined by a user (e.g. by setting S4
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methods on the base function).
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methods on the base function).
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For \code{sapply(simplify = TRUE)} and \code{replicate(simplify =
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For \code{sapply(simplify = TRUE)} and \code{replicate(simplify =
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TRUE)}: if \code{X} has length zero or \code{n = 0}, an empty list.
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TRUE)}: if \code{X} has length zero or \code{n = 0}, an empty list.
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Otherwise an atomic vector or matrix or list of the same length as
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Otherwise an atomic vector or matrix or list of the same length as
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\code{X} (of length \code{n} for \code{replicate}). If simplification
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\code{X} (of length \code{n} for \code{replicate}). If simplification
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occurs, the output type is determined from the highest type of the
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occurs, the output type is determined from the highest type of the
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return values in the hierarchy NULL < raw < logical < integer < real <
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return values in the hierarchy NULL < raw < logical < integer < double <
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complex < character < list < expression, after coercion of pairlists
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complex < character < list < expression, after coercion of pairlists
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to lists.
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to lists.
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\code{vapply} returns a vector or array of type matching the
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\code{vapply} returns a vector or array of type matching the
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\code{FUN.VALUE}. If \code{length(FUN.VALUE) == 1} a
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\code{FUN.VALUE}. If \code{length(FUN.VALUE) == 1} a
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