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% File src/library/base/man/character.Rd
% Part of the R package, https://www.R-project.org
% Copyright 1995-2026 R Core Team
% Distributed under GPL 2 or later

\name{character}
\alias{character}
\alias{as.character}
\alias{as.character.default}
\alias{as.character.factor}
\alias{is.character}
\title{Character Vectors}
\description{
  Create or test for objects of type \code{"character"}.
}
\usage{
character(length = 0)
as.character(x, \dots)
is.character(x)
}
\arguments{
  \item{length}{a non-negative integer specifying the desired length.
    Double values will be coerced to integer:
    supplying an argument of length other than one is an error.}
  \item{x}{object to be coerced or tested.}
  \item{\dots}{further arguments passed to or from other methods.}
}
\details{
  \code{as.character} is generic: you can
  write methods to handle specific classes of objects,
  see \link{InternalMethods}.  Its
  default method calls \code{\link{as.vector}}, so, only
  if \code{is.object(x)} is true, dispatch is first on
  methods for \code{as.character} and then for methods for \code{as.vector}.

  \code{as.character} represents real and complex numbers to 15 significant
  digits (technically the compiler's setting of the ISO C constant
  \code{DBL_DIG}, which will be 15 on machines supporting \abbr{IEC} 60559
  arithmetic according to the C99 standard).  This ensures that all the
  digits in the result will be reliable (and not the result of
  representation error), but does mean that conversion to character and
  back to numeric may change the number.  If you want to convert numbers
  to character with the maximum possible precision, use
  \code{\link{format}}.
}
\value{
  \code{character} creates a character vector of the specified length.
  The elements of the vector are all equal to \code{""}.

  \code{as.character} attempts to coerce its argument to character type;
  like \code{\link{as.vector}} it strips attributes including names.
  For lists and pairlists (including \link{language objects} such as
  calls) it deparses the elements individually, except that it extracts
  the first element of length-one character vectors, see the \code{Abc}
  example.

  \code{is.character} returns \code{TRUE} or \code{FALSE} depending on
  whether its argument is of character type or not.
}
\note{
  \code{as.character} breaks lines in language objects at 500
  characters, and inserts newlines.  Prior to 2.15.0 lines were
  truncated.
}
\seealso{
  \code{\link{options}}: options \code{scipen} and \code{OutDec} affect the
  conversion of numbers.

  \code{\link{paste}}, \code{\link{substr}} and \code{\link{strsplit}}
  for character concatenation and splitting,
  \code{\link{chartr}} for character translation and case folding (e.g.,
  upper to lower case) and \code{\link{sub}}, \code{\link{grep}} etc for
  string matching and substitutions.  Note that
  \code{help.search(keyword = "character")} gives even more links.

  \code{\link{deparse}}, which is normally preferable to
  \code{as.character} for \link{language objects}.

  \code{\link{Quotes}} on how to specify \code{character} / string
  constants, including \emph{raw} ones.
}
\references{
  \bibshow{R:Becker+Chambers+Wilks:1988}
}
\examples{
form <- y ~ a + b + c
as.character(form)  ## length 3
deparse(form)       ## like the input

a0 <- 11/999          # has a repeating decimal representation
(a1 <- as.character(a0))
format(a0, digits = 16) # shows 1 to 2 more digit(s)
a2 <- as.numeric(a1)
a2 - a0               # normally around -1e-17
as.character(a2)      # possibly different from a1
print(c(a0, a2), digits = 16)

as.character(list(A = "Abc", xy = c("x", "y"))) # "Abc"  "c(\"x\", \"y\")"
## i.e., "Abc" directly instead of deparsing to "\"Abc\""
}
\keyword{character}
\keyword{classes}