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% File src/library/base/man/Encoding.Rd

% Part of the R package, https://www.R-project.org

% Copyright 1995-2019 R Core Team

% Distributed under GPL 2 or later

\name{Encoding}

\alias{Encoding}

\alias{Encoding<-}

\alias{enc2native}

\alias{enc2utf8}

\concept{encoding}

\title{Read or Set the Declared Encodings for a Character Vector}

\description{

  Read or set the declared encodings for a character vector.

}

\usage{

Encoding(x)

Encoding(x) <- value

enc2native(x)

enc2utf8(x)

}

\arguments{

  \item{x}{A character vector.}

  \item{value}{A character vector of positive length.}

}

\details{

  Character strings in \R can be declared to be encoded in

  \code{"latin1"} or \code{"UTF-8"} or as \code{"bytes"}.  These

  declarations can be read by \code{Encoding}, which will return a

  character vector of values \code{"latin1"}, \code{"UTF-8"}

  \code{"bytes"} or \code{"unknown"}, or set, when \code{value} is

  recycled as needed and other values are silently treated as

  \code{"unknown"}.  ASCII strings will never be marked with a declared

  encoding, since their representation is the same in all supported

  encodings.  Strings marked as \code{"bytes"} are intended to be

  non-ASCII strings which should be manipulated as bytes, and never

  converted to a character encoding (so writing them to a text file is

  supported only by \code{writeLines(useBytes = TRUE)}).

  % non-bug report PR#16327

  \code{enc2native} and \code{enc2utf8} convert elements of character

  vectors to the native encoding or UTF-8 respectively, taking any

  marked encoding into account.  They are \link{primitive} functions,

  designed to do minimal copying.

  There are other ways for character strings to acquire a declared

  encoding apart from explicitly setting it (and these have changed as

  \R has evolved).  Functions \code{\link{scan}},

  \code{\link{read.table}}, \code{\link{readLines}}, and

  \code{\link{parse}} have an \code{encoding} argument that is used to

  declare encodings, \code{\link{iconv}} declares encodings from its

  \code{to} argument, and console input in suitable locales is also

  declared.  \code{\link{intToUtf8}} declares its output as

  \code{"UTF-8"}, and output text connections (see

  \code{\link{textConnection}}) are marked if running in a

  suitable locale.  Under some circumstances (see its help page)

  \code{\link{source}(encoding=)} will mark encodings of character

  strings it outputs.

  Most character manipulation functions will set the encoding on output

  strings if it was declared on the corresponding input.  These include

  \code{\link{chartr}}, \code{\link{strsplit}(useBytes = FALSE)},

  \code{\link{tolower}} and \code{\link{toupper}} as well as

  \code{\link{sub}(useBytes = FALSE)} and \code{\link{gsub}(useBytes =

  FALSE)}.  Note that such functions do not \emph{preserve} the

  encoding, but if they know the input encoding and that the string has

  been successfully re-encoded (to the current encoding or UTF-8), they

  mark the output.

  \code{\link{substr}} does preserve the encoding, and

  \code{\link{chartr}}, \code{\link{tolower}} and \code{\link{toupper}}

  preserve UTF-8 encoding on systems with Unicode wide characters.  With

  their \code{fixed} and \code{perl} options, \code{\link{strsplit}},

  \code{\link{sub}} and \code{gsub} will give a marked UTF-8 result if

  any of the inputs are UTF-8.

  \code{\link{paste}} and \code{\link{sprintf}} return elements marked

  as bytes if any of the corresponding inputs is marked as bytes, and

  otherwise marked as UTF-8 of any of the inputs is marked as UTF-8.

  \code{\link{match}}, \code{\link{pmatch}}, \code{\link{charmatch}},

  \code{\link{duplicated}} and \code{\link{unique}} all match in UTF-8

  if any of the elements are marked as UTF-8.

  There is some ambiguity as to what is meant by a \sQuote{Latin-1}

  locale, since some OSes (notably Windows) make use of character

  positions used for control characters in the ISO 8859-1 character set.

  How such characters are interpreted is system-dependent but as from \R

  3.5.0 they are if possible interpreted as per Windows codepage 1252

  (which Microsoft calls \sQuote{Windows Latin 1 (ANSI)}) when

  converting to e.g.\sspace{}UTF-8.

}

\value{

  A character vector.

  For \code{enc2utf8} encodings are always marked: they are for

  \code{enc2native} in UTF-8 and Latin-1 locales.

}

\examples{

## x is intended to be in latin1

x <- "fa\xE7ile"

Encoding(x)

Encoding(x) <- "latin1"

x

xx <- iconv(x, "latin1", "UTF-8")

Encoding(c(x, xx))

c(x, xx)

Encoding(xx) <- "bytes"

xx # will be encoded in hex

cat("xx = ", xx, "\n", sep = "")

}

\keyword{utilities}

\keyword{character}