The R Project SVN R

% -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
\newcommand{\PR}{\Sexpr[results=rd]{tools:::Rd_expr_PR(#1)}}
\newcommand{\Rlogo}{\if{html}{\figure{../../html/logo.jpg}}\if{latex}{\figure{logo.jpg}{options: width=0.5in}}}
\newcommand{\CRANpkg}{\href{http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=#1}{\pkg{#1}}}

\name{NEWS}
\title{ R News}
\encoding{UTF-8}

\section{\Rlogo CHANGES IN R 3.0.2}{
  \subsection{NEW FEATURES}{
    \itemize{
      \item The \file{NEWS} files have been re-organized.

      This file contains news for \R >= 3.0.0: news for the 0.x.y, 1.x.y
      and 2.x.y releases is in files \file{NEWS.0}, \file{NEWS.1} and
      \file{NEWS.2}.  The latter files are now installed when \R is
      installed.  An HTML version of news from 2.10.0 to 2.15.3 is
      available as \file{doc/html/NEWS.2.html}.
      
      \item \code{sum()} for integer arguments now uses an integer
      accumulator of at least 64 bits and so will be more accurate in
      the very rare case that a cumulative sum exceeds
      \eqn{2^{53}}{2^53} (necessarily summing more than 4 million
      elements).

      \item The \code{example()} and \code{tools::Rd2ex()} functions now
      have parameters to allow them to ignore \code{\\dontrun} markup in
      examples.  (Suggested by Peter Solymos.)

      \item \code{str(x)} is considerably faster for very large lists,
      or factors with 100,000 levels, the latter as in \PR{15337}.

      \item \code{col2rgb()} now converts factors to character strings
      not integer codes (suggested by Bryan Hanson).

      \item \code{tail(warnings())} now works, via the new \code{`[`}
      method.

      \item There is now support for the LaTeX style file \file{zi4.sty}
      which has in some distributions replaced \file{inconsolata.sty}.

      \item \code{unlist(x)} now typically returns all non-list
      \code{x}s unchanged, not just the \dQuote{vector} ones.
      Consequently, \code{format(lst)} now also works when the list
      \code{lst} has non-vector elements.

      \item The \code{tools::getVignetteInfo()} function has been added
      to give information about installed vignettes.

      \item New \code{assertCondition()}, etc. utilities in \pkg{tools}, useful
      for testing.

      \item Profiling now records non-inlined calls from byte-compiled
      code to \code{BUILTIN} functions.

      \item Various functions in \pkg{stats} and elsewhere that use
      non-standard evaluation are now more careful to follow the
      namespace scoping rules.  E.g. \code{stats::lm()} can now find
      \code{stats::model.frame()} even if \pkg{stats} is not on the
      search path or if some package defines a function of that name.

      \item If an invalid/corrupt \code{.Random.seed} object is
      encountered in the workspace it is ignored with a warning rather
      than giving an error.  (This allows \R itself to rely on a working
      RNG, e.g. to choose a random port.)

      \item \code{seq()} and \code{seq.int()} give more explicit error
      messages if called with invalid (e.g. \code{NaN}) inputs.

      \item When \code{parse()} finds a syntax error, it now makes
      partial parse information available up to the location of the
      error.  (Request of Reijo Sund.)

      \item Methods invoked by \code{NextMethod()} had a different
      dynamic parent to the generic. This was causing trouble where S3
      methods invoked via lazy evaluation could lose track of their
      generic.  (\PR{15267})

      \item Code for the negative binomial distribution now treats the case
      \code{size == 0} as a one-point distribution at zero.

      \item \code{abbreviate()} handles without warning non-ASCII input
      strings which require no abbreviation.

      \item \code{read.dcf()} no longer has a limit of 8191 bytes per
      line. (Wish of \PR{15250}.)

      \item \code{formatC(x)} no longer copies the class of \code{x} to
      the result, to avoid misuse creating invalid objects as in
      \PR{15303}.  A warning is given if a class is discarded.

      \item Dataset \code{npk} has been copied from \pkg{MASS} to allow
      more tests to be run without recommended packages being installed.

      \item The initialization of the regression coefficients for
      non-degenerate differenced models in \code{arima()} has been
      changed and in some examples avoids a local maximum.  (\PR{15396})

      \item \code{termplot()} now has an argument \code{transform.x}
      to control the display of individual terms in the plot.
      (\PR{15329})
      
      \item \code{format()} now supports \code{digits = 0}, to
      display \code{nsmall} decimal places.

      \item There is a new read-only \code{par()} parameter called
      \code{"page"}, which returns a logical value indicating whether
      the next \code{plot.new()} call will start a new page.

      \item Processing Sweave and Rd documents to PDF now renders
      backticks and single quotes better in several instances, including
      in \samp{\\code} and \samp{\\samp} expressions.

      \item \code{utils::modifyList()} gets a new argument \code{keep.null}
      allowing \code{NULL} components in the replacement to be retained,
      instead of causing corresponding components to be deleted.
      
      \item \code{tools::pkgVignettes()} gains argument \code{check};
      if set to \code{TRUE}, it will warn when it appears a vignette requests
      a non-existent vignette engine. 
    }
  }

  \subsection{UTILITIES}{
    \itemize{
      \item \command{R CMD check --as-cran} checks the line widths in
      usage and examples sections of the package Rd files.

      \item \command{R CMD check --as-cran} now implies \option{--timings}.

      \item \command{R CMD check} looks for command \command{gfile} if a
      suitable \command{file} is not found.  (Although \command{file} is
      not from GNU, OpenCSW on Solaris installs it as \command{gfile}.)

      \item \command{R CMD build} (with the internal \code{tar}) checks
      the permissions of \file{configure} and \file{cleanup} files and
      adds execute permission to the recorded permissions for these
      files if needed, with a warning.  This is useful on OSes and file
      systems which do not support execute permissions (notably, on
      Windows).
      
      \item \command{R CMD build} now weaves and tangles all vignettes,
      so suggested packages are not required during package installation
      if the source tarball was prepared with current
      \command{R CMD build}.

      \item \code{checkFF()} (used by \command{R CMD check}) does a
      better job of detecting calls from other packages, including not
      reporting those where a function has been copied from another
      namespace (e.g. as a default method).  It now reports calls where
      \code{.NAME} is a symbol registered in another package.

      \item On Unix-alike systems, \command{R CMD INSTALL} now installs packages
      group writably whenever the library (\code{lib.loc}) is group
      writable.  Hence, \code{update.packages()} works for other group
      members (suggested originally and from a patch by Dirk Eddelbuettel).

      \item \command{R CMD javareconf} now supports the use of symbolic
      links for \env{JAVA_HOME} on platforms which have
      \command{realpath}.  So it is now possible to
      use \preformatted{R CMD javareconf JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.7.0}
      on a Linux system and record that value rather than the
      frequently-changing full path such as
      \file{/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.7.0-openjdk-1.7.0.25.x86_64}.

      \item (Windows only.) \command{Rscript -e} requires a non-empty
      argument for consistency with Unix versions of \R.  (Also
      \command{Rterm -e} and \command{R -e}.)

      \item \command{R CMD check} does more thorough checking of
      declared packages and namespaces.  It reports
      \itemize{
    \item packages declared in more than one of the
    \samp{Depends}, \samp{Imports}, \samp{Suggests} and
    \samp{Enhances} fields of the \file{DESCRIPTION} file.

    \item namespaces declared in \samp{Imports} but not
    imported from, neither in the \file{NAMESPACE} file nor using
    the \code{::} nor \code{:::} operators.

    \item packages which are used in \code{library()} or
    \code{requires()} calls in the \R code but were already put on
    the search path \emph{via} \samp{Depends}.

    \item packages declared in \samp{Depends} not imported
    \emph{via} the \file{NAMESPACE} file (except the standard
    packages).  Objects used from \samp{Depends} packages should be
    imported to avoid conflicts and to allow correct operation when
    the namespace is loaded but not attached.

    \item objects imported \emph{via} \code{:::} calls where
    \code{::} would do.

    \item objects imported by \code{::} which are not exported.

    \item objects imported by \code{:::} calls which do not exist.
      }
      See \sQuote{Writing R Extensions} for good practice.
      
      \item \command{R CMD check} optionally checks for non-standard
      top-level files and directories (which are often mistakes): this
      is enabled for \option{--as-cran}.
      
      \item LaTeX style file \code{upquote.sty} is no longer included
      (the version was several years old): it is no longer used in \R.
      A much later version is commonly included in LaTeX distributions
      but does not play well with the \code{ae} fonts which are the
      default for Sweave vignettes.

      \item \command{R CMD build} makes more use of the \file{build}
      sub-directory of package sources, for example to record
      information about the vignettes.
    }
  }

  \subsection{INSTALLATION and INCLUDED SOFTWARE}{
    \itemize{
      \item The macros used for the texinfo manuals have been changed to
      work better with the incompatible changes made in \command{texinfo
      5.x}.

      \item The minimum version for a system \code{xz} library is now
      5.0.3 (was 4.999).  This is in part to avoid 5.0.2, which can
      compress in ways other versions cannot decompress.

      \item The included version of PCRE has been updated to 8.33.

      \item The included version of \code{zlib} has been updated to
      1.2.8, a bug-fix release.

      \item The included version of xz utils's \code{liblzma} has been
      updated to 5.0.5.

      \item Since \command{javareconf} (see above) is used when \R is
      installed, a stable link for \env{JAVA_HOME} can be supplied then.

      \item Configuring with \option{--disable-byte-compilation} will
      override the \file{DESCRIPTION} files of recommended packages,
      which typically require byte-compilation.

      \item More of the installation and checking process will work even
      when \env{TMPDIR} is set to a path containing spaces, but this is
      not recommended and external software (such as
      \command{texi2dvi}) may fail.
    }
  }

  \subsection{PACKAGE INSTALLATION}{
    \itemize{
      \item Installation is aborted immediately if a \code{LinkingTo}
      package is not installed.

      \item \command{R CMD INSTALL} has a new option
      \code{--no-byte-compile} which will override a \samp{ByteCompile}
      field in the package's \file{DESCRIPTION} file.

      \item License \samp{BSD} is deprecated: use \samp{BSD_3_clause}
      or \samp{BSD_2_clause} instead.

      License \samp{X11} is deprecated: use \samp{MIT} or
      \samp{BSD_2_clause} instead.

      \item Version requirements for \code{LinkingTo} packages are now
      recognized: they are checked at installation.  (Fields with
      version requirements were previously silently ignored.)

      \item The limit of 500 \code{S3method} entries in a
      \code{NAMESPACE} file has been removed.
  
      \item The default \sQuote{version} of Bioconductor for its
      packages has been changed to the upcoming \samp{2.13}, but this
      can be set by the environment variable \env{R_BIOC_VERSION}, e.g.
      in file \file{Renviron.site}.
    }
  }

  \subsection{C-LEVEL FACILITIES}{
    \itemize{
      \item \file{Rdefines.h} has been tweaked so it can be included in
      C++ code after \file{R_ext/Boolean.h} (which is included by
      \file{R.h}).

      Note that \file{Rdefines.h} is not kept up-to-date, and
      \file{Rinternals.h} is preferred for new code.

      \item \code{eval} and \code{applyClosure} are now protected
      against package code supplying an invalid \code{rho}.
    }
  }

  \subsection{DEPRECATED AND DEFUNCT}{
    \itemize{
      \item The unused \code{namespace} argument to
      \code{package.skeleton()} is now formally deprecated and will be
      removed in \R 3.1.0.

      \item \code{plclust()} is deprecated: use the \code{plot()} method
      for class \code{"hclust"} instead.
      
      \item Functions \code{readNEWS()} and \code{checkNEWS()} in
      package \pkg{tools} are deprecated (and they have not worked with
      current \file{NEWS} files for a long time).
    }
  }

  \subsection{DOCUMENTATION}{
    \itemize{
      \item \sQuote{An Introduction to R} has a new chapter on using \R
      as a scripting language including interacting with the OS.
    }
  }

  \subsection{BUG FIXES}{
    \itemize{
      \item \code{help.request()} could not determine the current version
      of \R on CRAN.  (\PR{15241})

      \item On Windows, \code{file.info()} failed on root directories unless
      the path was terminated with an explicit \code{"."}.  (\PR{15302})

      \item The \code{regmatches<-()} replacement function mishandled
      results coming from \code{regexpr()}.  (\PR{15311})

      \item The help for \code{setClass()} and
      \code{representation()} still suggested the deprecated argument
      \code{representation=}. (\PR{15312})

      \item \command{R CMD config} failed in an installed build of \R
      3.0.1 (only) when a sub-architecture was used.  (Reported by
      Berwin Turlach.)

      \item On Windows, the installer modified the \file{etc/Rconsole}
      and \file{etc/Rprofile.site} files even when default options were
      chosen, so the MD5 sums did not refer to the installed versions.
      (Reported by Tal Galili.)

      \item \code{plot(hclust(), cex =)} respects \code{cex} again
      (and possibly others similarly).  (Reported by Peter Langfelder.)

      \item If multiple packages were checked by \command{R CMD check},
      and one was written for a different OS, it would set
      \command{--no-install} for all following packages as well as
      itself.

      \item \code{qr.coef()} and related functions did not properly coerce
      real vectors to complex when necessary.  (\PR{15332})

      \item \code{ftable(a)} now fixes up empty \code{dimnames} such
      that the result is printable.

      \item \code{package.skeleton()} was not starting its search for
      function objects in the correct place if \code{environment} was
      supplied.  (Reported by Karl Forner.)

      \item Parsing code was changing the length field of vectors and
      confusing the memory manager.  (\PR{15345})

      \item The Fortran routine \code{ZHER2K} in the reference BLAS
      had a comment-out bug in two places.
      This caused trouble with \code{eigen()} for Hermitian matrices.
      (\PR{15345} and report from Robin Hankin)

      \item \code{vignette()} and \code{browseVignettes()} did not
      display non-Sweave vignettes properly.

      \item Two warning/error messages have been corrected:
      the (optional) warning produced by a partial name match
      with a pairlist, the error message from a zero-length argument to
      the \code{:} operator.  (Found by Radford Neal; \PR{15358},
      \PR{15356})

      \item \code{svd()} returned \code{NULL} rather than omitting
      components as documented.  (Found by Radford Neal; \PR{15360})

      \item \code{mclapply()} and \code{mcparallel()} with
      \code{silent = TRUE} could break a process that uses
      \code{stdout} output
      unguarded against broken pipes (e.g., \code{zip} will fail
      silently). To work around such issues, they now replace
      \code{stdout} with a descriptor pointed to \file{/dev/null}
      instead. For this purpose, internal \code{closeStdout} and
      \code{closeStderr} functions have gained the \code{to.null} flag.

      \item \code{log()}, \code{signif()} and \code{round()} now raise an
      error if a single named argument is not named \code{x}.  (\PR{15361})

      \item \code{deparse()} now deparses raw vectors in a form that
      is syntactically correct. (\PR{15369})

      \item The \code{jpeg} driver in Sweave created a JPEG file, but gave
      it a \file{.png} extension. (\PR{15370})

      \item Deparsing of infix operators with named arguments is
      improved. (\PR{15350})

      \item \code{mget()}, \code{seq.int()} and \code{numericDeriv()}
      did not duplicate arguments properly. (\PR{15352}, \PR{15353},
      \PR{15354})

      \item \code{kmeans(algorithm = "Hartigan-Wong")} now always stops
      iterating in the QTran stage. (\PR{15364}).

      \item \code{read.dcf()} re-allocated incorrectly and so could
      segfault when called on a file with lines of more than 100 bytes.

      \item On systems where \code{mktime()} does not set \code{errno},
      the last second before the epoch could not be converted from
      \code{POSIXlt} to \code{POSIXct}. (Reported by Bill Dunlap.)

      \item \code{add1.glm()} miscalculated F-statistics when df > 1. (Bill
      Dunlap, \PR{15386}).

      \item \code{stem()} now discards infinite inputs rather than
      hanging.  (\PR{15376})

      \item The parser now enforces C99 syntax for floating point
      hexadecimal constants (e.g. \code{0x1.1p0}), rather than returning
      unintended values for malformed constants. (\PR{15234})

      \item \code{model.matrix()} now works with very long LHS
      names (more than 500 bytes).  (\PR{15377})

      \item \code{integrate()} reverts to the pre-2.12.0 behaviour: from
      2.12.0 to 3.0.1 it sometimes failed to achieve the requested
      tolerance and reported error estimates that were exceeded.
      (\PR{15219})

      \item \code{strptime()} now handles \samp{\%W} fields with value
      0. (\PR{15915})

      \item \R is now better protected against people trying to interact
      with the console in startup code.  (\PR{15325})

      \item Subsetting 1D arrays often lost dimnames (\PR{15301}).

      \item Unary \code{+} on a logical vector did not coerce to
      integer, although unary \code{-} did.

      \item \code{na.omit()} and \code{na.exclude()} added a row
      to a zero-row data frame.  (\PR{15399})

      \item All the (where necessary cut-down) vignettes are installed
      if \R was configured with \option{--without-recommended-packages}.

      \item \code{source()} did not display filenames when reporting
      syntax errors.

      \item Syntax error reports misplaced the caret pointing out the bad
      token.

      \item (Windows only) Starting \R with \command{R} (instead of
      \command{Rterm} or \command{Rgui}) would lose any
      zero-length strings from the command line arguments. (\PR{15406})

      \item Errors in the encoding specified on the command line via
      \command{--encoding=foo} were not handled properly.  (\PR{15405})

      \item If \code{x} is a symbol, \code{is.vector(x, "name")} now
      returns \code{TRUE}, since \code{"name"} and \code{"symbol"}
      should be synonyms.  (Reported by Hervé Pagès.)

      \item \command{R CMD rtags} works on platforms (such as OS X)
      with a XSI-conformant shell command \command{echo}. (\PR{15231})

      \item \code{is.unsorted(NA)} returns false as documented (rather than
      \code{NA}).

      \item \command{R CMD LINK} did not know about sub-architectures.

      \item \code{system()} and \code{system2()} are better protected
      against users who misguidedly have spaces in the temporary
      directory path.

      \item \code{file.show()} and \code{edit()} are now more likely to
      work on file paths containing spaces.  (Where external utilities
      are used, not the norm on Windows nor in \command{R.app} which
      should previously have worked.)

      \item Packages using the \pkg{methods} package are more likely to
      work when they import it but it is not attached.  (Several parts
      of its C code were looking for its \R functions on the search path
      rather than in its namespace.)

      \item \code{lgamma(-x)} is no longer \code{NaN} for very small x.

      \item (Windows) \code{system2()} now respects specifying
      \code{stdout} and \code{stderr} as files if called from
      \command{Rgui}. (\PR{15393})
      
      \item Closing an \code{x11()} device whilst \code{locator()} or
      \code{identify()} is in progress no longer hangs \R.  (\PR{15253})

      \item \code{list.dirs(full.names = FALSE)} was not implemented.
      (\PR{15170})
      
      \item \code{format()} sometimes added unnecessary spaces. 
      (\PR{15411})
      
      \item \code{all.equal(check.names = FALSE)} would ignore the request
      to ignore the names and would check them as attributes.
      
      \item The symbol set by \code{tools::Rd2txt_options(itemBullet=)}
      was not respected in some locales. (\PR{15435})

      \item \code{mcMap()} was not exported by package
      \pkg{parallel}. (\PR{15439})
      
      \item \code{plot()} for \code{TukeyHSD} objects did not balance
      \code{dev.hold()} and \code{dev.flush()} calls on multi-page plots. 
      (\PR{15449})
    }
  }
}

\section{\Rlogo CHANGES IN R 3.0.1}{
  \subsection{NEW FEATURES}{
    \itemize{
      \item \code{chooseCRANmirror()} and \code{chooseBioCmirror()} gain
      an \code{ind} argument (like \code{setRepositories()}).

      \item \code{mcparallel} has a new argument \code{mc.interactive}
      which can modify the interactive flag in the child process. The
      new default is \code{FALSE} which makes child processes
      non-interactive by default (this prevents lock-ups due to children
      waiting for interactive input).

      \item \code{scan()} now warns when end-of-file occurs within
      a quoted string.

      \item \code{count.fields()} is now consistent with \code{scan()}
      in its handling of newlines in quoted strings.  Instead of
      triggering an error, this results in the current line receiving
      \code{NA} as the field count, with the next line getting the total
      count of the two lines.

      \item The default method of \code{image()} will plot axes of the
      class of \code{xlim} and \code{ylim} (and hence of \code{x} and
      \code{y} if there is a suitable \code{range()} method).  Based on
      a suggestion of Michael Sumner.

      \item \code{load()} now has a \code{verbose} argument for
      debugging support, to print the names of objects just before
      loading them.

      \item When loading a serialized object encounters a reference to a
      namespace which cannot be loaded, this is replaced by a reference
      to the global environment, with a warning.

      \item \code{pairs()} gains a \code{line.main} option for title placement.

      \item The remaining instances in which serialization to a raw
      vector was limited to 2GB have been unlimited on a 64-bit
      platform, and in most cases serialization to a vector of more than
      1GB will be substantially faster.
    }
  }

  \subsection{UTILITIES}{
    \itemize{
      \item \command{R CMD config} now make use of personal
      \file{Makevars} files under \file{~/.R} and a site file
      \file{Makevars.site}, in the same way as \command{R CMD SHLIB} and
      \command{R CMD INSTALL}.  This makes the utility more useful in
      package \command{configure} scripts.

      On Windows finding the personal files may require the environment
      variable \env{HOME} set.

      The old behaviour can be obtained with the new options
      \option{--no-user-files} and \option{--no-site-files}.
    }
  }

  \subsection{PACKAGE INSTALLATION}{
    \itemize{
      \item Alternatives to the site and user customization files
      \file{Makevars.site} and \file{~/.R/Makevars} can be specified
      \emph{via} the environment variables \env{R_MAKEVARS_SITE} and
      \env{R_MAKEVARS_USER} respectively.  These can be used to suppress
      the use of the default files by setting an empty value (where
      possible) or a non-existent path.
    }
  }

  \subsection{BUG FIXES}{
    \itemize{
      \item \code{sys.source()} did not report error locations when
      \code{keep.source = TRUE}.

      \item \code{as.POSIXct.numeric} was coercing \code{origin} using
      the \code{tz} argument and not \code{"GMT"} as documented
      (\PR{14973}).

      \item The active binding to assign fields in reference classes
      has been cleaned up to reduce dependence on the class' package
      environment, also fixing bug in initializing read-only fields
      (inspired by a report from Hadley Wickham).

      \item \code{str(d)} no longer gives an error when \code{names(d)}
      contain illegal multibyte strings (\PR{15247}).

      \item Profiling of built-in functions with \code{line.profiling=
      TRUE} did not record the line from which they were called.

      \item \code{citation(pkg)} dropped the header and footer specified
      in the \file{CITATION} file (\PR{15257}).

      \item Quotes were handled differently when reading the first line
      and reading the rest, so \code{read.table()} misread some files
      that contained quote characters (\PR{15245}).

      \item \code{cat()} with \code{sep} a character vector of length
      greater than one and more than one argument was using separators
      inconsistently (\PR{15261}).

      \item On Windows in \R 3.0.0, \code{savePlot()} failed because of
      an incorrect check on the argument count.

      \item \code{unzip(list = TRUE)} returned \code{Names} as a factor
      and not a character vector (as documented) for the internal method.
      (Noticed by Sean O'Riordain.)

      \item \code{contourLines()} now checks more comprehensively for
      conformance of its \code{x}, \code{y} and \code{z} arguments (it
      was used incorrectly in package \CRANpkg{R2G2}).

      \item Saved graphics display lists are \R version-specific.
      Attempting to load workspaces containing them (or some other
      version-specific objects) aborted the load in \R 3.0.0 and
      earlier; now it does a partial load and generates a warning
      instead.

      \item In \R 3.0.0, \code{identify()} and \code{locator()} did
      not record information correctly, so replaying a graph (e.g. by
      copying it to another device) would fail. (\PR{15271})

      \item Calling \code{file.copy()} or \code{dirname()} with the
      invalid input \code{""} (which was being used in packages, despite
      not being a file path) could have caused a segfault.

      \code{dirname("")} is now \code{""} rather than \code{"."} (unless
      it segfaulted).

      \item \code{supsmu()} could read/write outside its input vectors
      for very short inputs (seen in package \CRANpkg{rms} for \code{n = 4}).

      \item \code{as.dendrogram()}'s \code{hclust} method uses less
      memory and hence gets considerably faster for large (n ~ 1000)
      clusterings, thanks to Daniel Müllner. (\PR{15174})

      \item The return value when all workers failed from
      \code{parallel::mclapply(mc.preschedule = TRUE)} was a list of
      strings and not of error objects.  (Spotted by Karl Forner and
      Bernd Bischl.)

      \item In \R 3.0.0, when \code{help()} found multiple pages with
      the same alias, the HTML display of all the selections was not
      produced.  (\PR{15282})

      \item \code{splinefun(method="monoH.FC")} now produces a
      function with first argument named \code{x} and allows
      \code{deriv=3}, as documented. (\PR{15273})

      \item \code{summaryRprof()} would only read the first
      \code{chunksize} lines of an \code{Rprof} file produced with
      \code{line.profiling=TRUE}. By default, this is the first 100
      seconds.  (\PR{15288})

      \item \code{lsfit()} produced an incorrect error message when
      argument \code{x} had more columns than rows or \code{x} had a
      different number of rows than \code{y}. (Spotted by Renaud Gaujoux.)

      \item Binary operations on equal length vectors copied the
      class name from the second operand when the first had no
      class name, but did not set the object bit. (\PR{15299})

      \item The \code{trace()} method for reference generator objects
      failed after those objects became function definitions.

      \item \code{write.table()} did not check that factors were
      constructed correctly, and so caused a segment fault when
      writing bad ones. (\PR{15300})

      \item The internal HTTP server no longer chokes on POST requests
      without body. It will also pass-through other request types for
      custom handlers (with the method stored in Request-Method header)
      instead of failing.
    }
  }
}

\section{\Rlogo CHANGES IN R 3.0.0}{
  \subsection{SIGNIFICANT USER-VISIBLE CHANGES}{
    \itemize{
      \item Packages need to be (re-)installed under this version
      (3.0.0) of \R.

      \item There is a subtle change in behaviour for numeric index
      values \eqn{2^{31}}{2^31} and larger.  These never used to be
      legitimate and so were treated as \code{NA}, sometimes with a
      warning.  They are now legal for long vectors so there is no
      longer a warning, and \code{x[2^31] <- y} will now extend the
      vector on a 64-bit platform and give an error on a 32-bit one.

      \item It is now possible for 64-bit builds to allocate amounts of
      memory limited only by the OS.  It may be wise to use OS
      facilities (e.g. \command{ulimit} in a \command{bash} shell,
      \command{limit} in \command{csh}), to set limits on overall memory
      consumption of an \R process, particularly in a multi-user
      environment.  A number of packages need a limit of at least 4GB of
      virtual memory to load.

      64-bit Windows builds of \R are by default limited in memory usage
      to the amount of RAM installed: this limit can be changed by
      command-line option \option{--max-mem-size} or setting environment
      variable \env{R_MAX_MEM_SIZE}.

      \item Negative numbers for colours are consistently an error:
      previously they were sometimes taken as transparent, sometimes
      mapped into the current palette and sometimes an error.
    }
  }

  \subsection{NEW FEATURES}{
    \itemize{
      \item \code{identical()} has a new argument,
      \code{ignore.environment}, used when comparing functions (with
      default \code{FALSE} as before).

      \item There is a new option, \code{options(CBoundsCheck=)}, which
      controls how \code{.C()} and \code{.Fortran()} pass arguments to
      compiled code.  If true (which can be enabled by setting the
      environment variable \env{R_C_BOUNDS_CHECK} to \samp{yes}), raw,
      integer, double and complex arguments are always copied, and
      checked for writing off either end of the array on return from the
      compiled code (when a second copy is made).  This also checks
      individual elements of character vectors passed to \code{.C()}.

      This is not intended for routine use, but can be very helpful in
      finding segfaults in package code.

      \item In \code{layout()}, the limits on the grid size have been
      raised (again).

      \item New simple \code{provideDimnames()} utility function.

      \item Where methods for \code{length()} return a double value
      which is representable as an integer (as often happens for package
      \CRANpkg{Matrix}), this is converted to an integer.

      \item Matrix indexing of dataframes by two-column numeric indices
      is now supported for replacement as well as extraction.

      \item \code{setNames()} now has a default for its \code{object}
      argument, useful for a character result.

      \item \code{StructTS()} has a revised additive constant in the
      \code{loglik} component of the result: the previous definition is
      returned as the \code{loglik0} component.  However, the help page has
      always warned of a lack of comparability of log-likelihoods for
      non-stationary models.  (Suggested by Jouni Helske.)

      \item The logic in \code{aggregate.formula()} has been revised.
      It is now possible to use a formula stored in a variable;
      previously, it had to be given explicitly in the function call.

      \item \code{install.packages()} has a new argument \code{quiet} to
      reduce the amount of output shown.

      \item Setting an element of the graphics argument \code{lwd} to a
      negative or infinite value is now an error.  Lines corresponding
      to elements with values \code{NA} or \code{NaN} are silently
      omitted.

      Previously the behaviour was device-dependent.

      \item Setting graphical parameters \code{cex}, \code{col},
      \code{lty}, \code{lwd} and \code{pch} in \code{par()} now requires a
      length-one argument.   Previously some silently took the first
      element of a longer vector, but not always when documented to do so.

      \item \code{Sys.which()} when used with inputs which would be
      unsafe in a shell (e.g. absolute paths containing spaces) now uses
      appropriate quoting.

      \item \code{as.tclObj()} has been extended to handle raw vectors.
      Previously, it only worked in the other direction.
      (Contributed by Charlie Friedemann, \PR{14939}.)

      \item New functions \code{cite()} and \code{citeNatbib()} have
      been added, to allow generation of in-text citations from
      \code{"bibentry"} objects.  A \code{cite()} function may be added
      to \code{bibstyle()} environments.

      \item A \code{sort()} method has been added for \code{"bibentry"}
      objects.

      \item The \code{bibstyle()} function now defaults to setting the
      default bibliography style. The \code{getBibstyle()} function
      has been added to report the name of the current default style.

      \item \code{scatter.smooth()} now has an argument \code{lpars} to
      pass arguments to \code{lines()}.

      \item \code{pairs()} has a new \code{log} argument, to allow some
      or all variables to be plotted on logarithmic scale.
      (In part, wish of \PR{14919}.)

      \item \code{split()} gains a \code{sep} argument.

      \item \code{termplot()} does a better job when given a model with
      interactions (and no longer attempts to plot interaction terms).

      \item The parser now incorporates code from Romain Francois'
      \CRANpkg{parser} package, to support more detailed computation on
      the code, such as syntax highlighting, comment-based
      documentation, etc.  Functions \code{getParseData()} and
      \code{getParseText()} access the data.

      \item There is a new function \code{rep_len()} analogous to
      \code{rep.int()} for when speed is required (and names are not).

      \item The undocumented use \code{rep(NULL, length.out = n)} for
      \code{n > 0} (which returns \code{NULL}) now gives a warning.

      \item \code{demo()} gains an \code{encoding} argument for those
      packages with non-ASCII demos: it defaults to the package encoding
      where there is one.

      \item \code{strwrap()} converts inputs with a marked encoding to
      the current locale: previously it made some attempt to pass
      through as bytes inputs invalid in the current locale.

      \item Specifying both \code{rate} and \code{scale} to
      \code{[dpqr]gamma} is a warning (if they are essentially the same
      value) or an error.

      \item \code{merge()} works in more cases where the data frames
      include matrices.  (Wish of \PR{14974}.)

      \item \code{optimize()} and \code{uniroot()} no longer use a
      shared parameter object across calls.  (\code{nlm()},
      \code{nlminb()} and \code{optim()} with numerical derivatives
      still do, as documented.)

      \item The \code{all.equal()} method for date-times is now
      documented: times are regarded as equal (by default) if they
      differ by up to 1 msec.

      \item \code{duplicated()} and \code{unique()} gain a \code{nmax}
      argument which can be used to make them much more efficient when
      it is known that there are only a small number of unique entries.
      This is done automatically for factors.

      \item Functions \code{rbinom()}, \code{rgeom()}, \code{rhyper()},
      \code{rpois()}, \code{rnbinom(),} \code{rsignrank()} and
      \code{rwilcox()} now return integer (not double) vectors.  This
      halves the storage requirements for large simulations.

      \item \code{sort()}, \code{sort.int()} and \code{sort.list()} now
      use radix sorting for factors of less than 100,000 levels when
      \code{method} is not supplied.  So does \code{order()} if called
      with a single factor, unless \code{na.last = NA}.

      \item \code{diag()} as used to generate a diagonal matrix has been
      re-written in C for speed and less memory usage.  It now forces
      the result to be numeric in the case \code{diag(x)} since it is
      said to have \sQuote{zero off-diagonal entries}.

      \item \code{backsolve()} (and \code{forwardsolve()}) are now
      internal functions, for speed and support for large matrices.

      \item More matrix algebra functions (e.g. \code{chol()} and
      \code{solve()}) accept logical matrices (and coerce to numeric).

      \item \code{sample.int()} has some support for  \eqn{n \ge
    2^{31}}{n >= 2^31}: see its help for the limitations.

      A different algorithm is used for \code{(n, size, replace = FALSE,
    prob = NULL)} for \code{n > 1e7} and \code{size <= n/2}.  This
      is much faster and uses less memory, but does give different results.

      \item \code{approxfun()} and \code{splinefun()} now return a
      wrapper to an internal function in the \pkg{stats} namespace
      rather than a \code{.C()} or \code{.Call()} call.  This is more
      likely to work if the function is saved and used in a different
      session.

      \item The functions \code{.C()}, \code{.Call()},
      \code{.External()} and \code{.Fortran()} now give an error (rather
      than a warning) if called with a named first argument.

      \item \code{Sweave()} by default now reports the locations in
      the source file(s) of each chunk.

      \item \code{clearPushBack()} is now a documented interface to a
      long-existing internal call.

      \item \code{aspell()} gains filters for \R code, Debian Control
      Format and message catalog files, and support for \R level
      dictionaries.  In addition, package \pkg{utils} now provides
      functions \code{aspell_package_R_files()} and
      \code{aspell_package_C_files()} for spell checking \R and C level
      message strings in packages.

      \item \code{bibentry()} gains some support for \dQuote{incomplete}
      entries with a \samp{crossref} field.

      \item \code{gray()} and \code{gray.colors()} finally allow
      \code{alpha} to be specified.

      \item \code{monthplot()} gains parameters to control the look of
      the reference lines.  (Suggestion of Ian McLeod.)

      \item Added support for new \code{\%~\%} relation
      (\dQuote{is distributed as}) in plotmath.

      \item \code{domain = NA} is accepted by \code{gettext()} and
      \code{ngettext()}, analogously to \code{stop()} etc.

      \item \code{termplot()} gains a new argument \code{plot = FALSE}
      which returns information to allow the plots to be modified for
      use as part of other plots, but does not plot them.
      (Contributed by Terry Therneau, \PR{15076}.)

      \item \code{quartz.save()}, formerly an undocumented part of
      \command{R.app}, is now available to copy a device to a
      \code{quartz()} device.  \code{dev.copy2pdf()} optionally does
      this for PDF output: \code{quartz.save()} defaults to PNG.

      \item The default method of \code{pairs()} now allows
      \code{text.panel = NULL} and the use of \code{<foo>.panel = NULL}
      is now documented.

      \item \code{setRefClass()} and \code{getRefClass()} now return
      class generator functions, similar to \code{setClass()}, but
      still with the reference fields and methods as before
      (suggestion of Romain Francois).

      \item New functions \code{bitwNot()}, \code{bitwAnd()},
      \code{bitwOr()} and \code{bitwXor()}, using the internal
      interfaces previously used for classes \code{"octmode"} and
      \code{"hexmode"}.

      Also \code{bitwShiftL()} and \code{bitwShiftR()} for shifting bits
      in elements of integer vectors.

      \item New option \code{"deparse.cutoff"} to control the deparsing
      of language objects such as calls and formulae when printing.
      (Suggested by a comment of Sarah Goslee.)

      \item \code{colors()} gains an argument \code{distinct}.

      \item New \code{demo(colors)} and \code{demo(hclColors)}, with
      utility functions.

      \item \code{list.files()} (aka \code{dir()}) gains a new optional
      argument \code{no..} which allows to exclude \code{"."} and
      \code{".."} from listings.

      \item Multiple time series are also of class \code{"matrix"};
      consequently, \code{head()}, e.g., is more useful.

      \item \code{encodeString()} preserves UTF-8 marked encodings.
      Thus if factor levels are marked as UTF-8 an attempt is made to
      print them in UTF-8 in \command{RGui} on Windows.

      \item \code{readLines()} and \code{scan()} (and hence
      \code{read.table()}) in a UTF-8 locale now discard a UTF-8
      byte-order-mark (BOM).  Such BOMs are allowed but not recommended
      by the Unicode Standard: however Microsoft applications can
      produce them and so they are sometimes found on websites.

      The encoding name \code{"UTF-8-BOM"} for a connection will
      ensure that a UTF-8 BOM is discarded.

      \item \code{mapply(FUN, a1, ..)} now also works when \code{a1} (or
      a further such argument) needs a \code{length()} method (which the
      documented arguments never do).  (Requested by Hervé Pagès; with a
      patch.)

      \item \code{.onDetach()} is supported as an alternative to
      \code{.Last.lib}.  Unlike \code{.Last.lib}, this does not need to
      be exported from the package's namespace.

      \item The \code{srcfile} argument to \code{parse()} may now be a
      character string, to be used in error messages.

      \item The \code{format()} method for \code{ftable} objects gains
      a \code{method} argument, propagated to \code{write.ftable()} and
      \code{print()}, allowing more compact output, notably for LaTeX
      formatting, thanks to Marius Hofert.

      \item The \code{utils::process.events()} function has been added
      to trigger immediate event handling.

      \item \code{Sys.which()} now returns \code{NA} (not \code{""}) for
      \code{NA} inputs (related to \PR{15147}).

      \item The \code{print()} method for class \code{"htest"} gives
      fewer trailing spaces (wish of \PR{15124}).

      Also print output from \code{HoltWinters()}, \code{nls()} and others.

      \item \code{loadNamespace()} allows a version specification to be
      given, and this is used to check version specifications given in
      the \samp{Imports} field when a namespace is loaded.

      \item \code{setClass()} has a new argument, \code{slots}, clearer
      and less ambiguous than \code{representation}.  It is recommended
      for future code, but should be back-compatible.  At the same time,
      the allowed slot specification is slightly more general.  See the
      documentation for details.

      \item \code{mget()} now has a default for \code{envir} (the frame
      from which it is called), for consistency with \code{get()} and
      \code{assign()}.

      \item \code{close()} now returns an integer status where available,
      invisibly. (Wish of \PR{15088}.)

      \item The internal method of \code{tar()} can now store paths too
      long for the \samp{ustar} format, using the (widely supported) GNU
      extension.  It can also store long link names, but these are much
      less widely supported.  There is support for larger files, up to
      the \samp{ustar} limit of 8GB.

      \item Local reference classes have been added to package
      \pkg{methods}.  These are a technique for avoiding unneeded
      copying of large components of objects while retaining standard \R
      functional behavior.  See \code{?LocalReferenceClasses}.

      \item \code{untar()} has a new argument \code{restore_times} which
      if false (not the default) discards the times in the tarball.
      This is useful if they are incorrect (some tarballs submitted to
      \acronym{CRAN} have times in a local timezone or many years in the
      past even though the standard required them to be in UTC).

      \item \code{replayplot()} cannot (and will not attempt to) replay
      plots recorded under \R < 3.0.0.  It may crash the \R session if
      an attempt is made to replay plots created in a different build of
      \R >= 3.0.0.

      \item Palette changes get recorded on the display list, so
      replaying plots (including when resizing screen devices and using
      \code{dev.copy()}) will work better when the palette is changed
      during a plot.

      \item \code{chol(pivot = TRUE)} now defaults to LAPACK, not LINPACK.

      \item The \code{parse()} function has a new parameter
      \code{keep.source}, which defaults to \code{options("keep.source")}.

      \item Profiling via \code{Rprof()} now optionally records information
      at the statement level, not just the function level.

      \item The \code{Rprof()} function now quotes function names in
      in its output file on Windows, to be consistent with the quoting
      in Unix.

      \item Profiling via \code{Rprof()} now optionally records
      information about time spent in GC.

      \item The HTML help page for a package now displays non-vignette
      documentation files in a more accessible format.

      \item To support \code{options(stringsAsFactors = FALSE)},
      \code{model.frame()}, \code{model.matrix()} and
      \code{replications()} now automatically convert character
      vectors to factors without a warning.

      \item The \code{print} method for objects of class \code{"table"}
      now detects tables with 0-extents and prints the results as, e.g.,
      \samp{< table of extent 0 x 1 x 2 >}. (Wish of \PR{15198}.)

      \item Deparsing involving calls to anonymous functions has been
      made closer to reversible by the addition of extra parentheses.

      \item The function \code{utils::packageName()} has been added as
      a lightweight version of \code{methods::getPackageName()}.

      \item \code{find.package(lib.loc = NULL)} now treats loaded
      namespaces preferentially in the same way as attached packages
      have been for a long time.

      \item In Windows, the Change Directory dialog now defaults to
      the current working directory, rather than to the last directory
      chosen in that dialog.

      \item \code{available.packages()} gains a
      \code{"license/restricts_use"} filter which retains only packages
      for which installation can proceed solely based on packages which
      are guaranteed not to restrict use.

      \item New \code{check_packages_in_dir()} function in package
      \pkg{tools} for conveniently checking source packages along with
      their reverse dependencies.

      \item R's completion mechanism has been improved to handle help
      requests (starting with a question mark).  In particular, help
      prefixes are now supported, as well as quoted help topics.  To
      support this, completion inside quotes are now handled by R by
      default on all platforms.

      \item The memory manager now allows the strategy used to balance
      garbage collection and memory growth to be controlled by setting
      the environment variable \env{R_GC_MEM_GROW}. See \code{?Memory}
      for more details.

      \item (\sQuote{For experts only}, as the introductory manual
      says.)  The use of environment variables \env{R_NSIZE} and
      \env{R_VSIZE} to control the initial (= minimum) garbage
      collection trigger for number of cons cels and size of heap has
      been restored: they can be overridden by the command-line options
      \code{--min-nsize} and \code{--min-vsize}; see \code{?Memory}.

      \item On Windows, the device name for bitmap devices as reported
      by \code{.Device} and \code{.Devices} no longer includes the file
      name.   This is for consistency with other platforms and was
      requested by the \CRANpkg{lattice} maintainer.

      \code{win.metafile()} still uses the file name: the exact form is
      used by package \CRANpkg{tkrplot}.

      \item \code{set.seed(NULL)} re-initializes \code{.Random.seed} as
      done at the beginning of the session if not already set.
      (Suggestion of Bill Dunlap.)

      \item The \code{breaks} argument in \code{hist.default()} can now be
      a function that returns the breakpoints to be used (previously it
      could only return the suggested number of breakpoints).

      \item File \file{share/licenses/licenses.db} has some
      clarifications, especially as to which variants of \sQuote{BSD}
      and \sQuote{MIT} is intended and how to apply them to packages.
      The problematic licence \sQuote{Artistic-1.0} has been removed.
    }
  }

  \subsection{LONG VECTORS}{
    This section applies only to 64-bit platforms.
    \itemize{
      \item There is support for vectors longer than \eqn{2^{31}-1}{2^31
      - 1} elements.  This applies to raw, logical, integer, double,
      complex and character vectors, as well as lists.  (Elements of
      character vectors remain limited to \eqn{2^{31}-1}{2^31 - 1}
      bytes.)

      \item Most operations which can sensibly be done with long vectors
      work: others may return the error \sQuote{long vectors not
      supported yet}.  Most of these are because they explicitly work
      with integer indices (e.g. \code{anyDuplicated()} and
      \code{match()}) or because other limits (e.g. of character strings
      or matrix dimensions) would be exceeded or the operations would be
      extremely slow.

      \item \code{length()} returns a double for long vectors, and
      lengths can be set to \eqn{2^{31}}{2^31} or more by the
      replacement function with a double value.

      \item Most aspects of indexing are available.  Generally
      double-valued indices can be used to access elements beyond
      \eqn{2^{31}-1}{2^31 - 1}.

      \item There is some support for matrices and arrays with each
      dimension less than \eqn{2^{31}}{2^31} but total number of
      elements more than that.  Only some aspects of matrix algebra work
      for such matrices, often taking a very long time.  In other cases
      the underlying Fortran code has an unstated restriction (as was
      found for complex \code{svd()}).

      \item \code{dist()} can produce dissimilarity objects for more
      than 65536 rows (but for example \code{hclust()} cannot process
      such objects).

      \item \code{serialize()} to a raw vector is unlimited in size
      (except by resources).

      \item The C-level function \code{R_alloc} can now allocate
      \eqn{2^{35}}{2^35} or more bytes.

      \item \code{agrep()} and \code{grep()} will return double vectors
      of indices for long vector inputs.

      \item Many calls to \code{.C()} have been replaced by
      \code{.Call()} to allow long vectors to be supported (now or in
      the future).  Regrettably several packages had copied the non-API
      \code{.C()} calls and so failed.

      \item \code{.C()} and \code{.Fortran()} do not accept long vector
      inputs.  This is a precaution as it is very unlikely that existing
      code will have been written to handle long vectors (and the \R
      wrappers often assume that \code{length(x)} is an integer).

      \item Most of the methods for \code{sort()} work for long vectors.

      \code{rank()}, \code{sort.list()} and \code{order()} support
      long vectors (slowly except for radix sorting).

      \item \code{sample()} can do uniform sampling from a long vector.
    }
  }

  \subsection{PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS}{
    \itemize{
      \item More use has been made of \R objects representing registered
      entry points, which is more efficient as the address is provided
      by the loader once only when the package is loaded.

      This has been done for packages \code{base}, \code{methods},
      \code{splines} and \code{tcltk}: it was already in place for the
      other standard packages.

      Since these entry points are always accessed by the \R entry
      points they do not need to be in the load table which can be
      substantially smaller and hence searched faster.  This does mean
      that \code{.C} / \code{.Fortran} / \code{.Call} calls copied from
      earlier versions of \R may no longer work -- but they were never
      part of the API.

      \item Many \code{.Call()} calls in package \pkg{base} have been
      migrated to \code{.Internal()} calls.

      \item \code{solve()} makes fewer copies, especially when \code{b}
      is a vector rather than a matrix.

      \item \code{eigen()} makes fewer copies if the input has dimnames.

      \item Most of the linear algebra functions make fewer copies when
      the input(s) are not double (e.g. integer or logical).

      \item A foreign function call (\code{.C()} etc) in a package
      without a \code{PACKAGE} argument will only look in the first DLL
      specified in the \file{NAMESPACE} file of the package rather than
      searching all loaded DLLs.  A few packages needed \code{PACKAGE}
      arguments added.

      \item The \code{@<-} operator is now implemented as a primitive,
      which should reduce some copying of objects when used.  Note that
      the operator object must now be in package \pkg{base}: do not try
      to import it explicitly from package \pkg{methods}.
    }
  }


  \subsection{PACKAGE INSTALLATION}{
    \itemize{
      \item The transitional support for installing packages without
      namespaces (required since \R 2.14.0) has been removed.
      \command{R CMD build} will still add a namespace, but a
      \code{.First.lib()} function will need to be converted.

      \command{R CMD INSTALL} no longer adds a namespace (so
      installation will fail), and a \code{.First.lib()} function in a
      package will be ignored (with an installation warning for now).

      As an exception, packages without a \file{R} directory and no
      \file{NAMESPACE} file can still be installed.

      \item Packages can specify in their \file{DESCRIPTION file} a line
      like \preformatted{     Biarch: yes
}
      to be installed on Windows with \option{--force-biarch}.

      \item Package vignettes can now be processed by other engines
      besides \code{Sweave}; see \sQuote{Writing R Extensions} and the
      \code{tools::vignetteEngine} help topic for details.

      \item The \file{*.R} tangled source code for vignettes is now
      included in tarballs when \command{R CMD build} is used to produce
      them.  In \R 3.0.0, \file{*.R} files not in the sources will be
      produced at install time, but eventually this will be dropped.

      \item The package type \code{"mac.binary"} now looks in a path in
      the repository without any Mac subtype (which used to be
      \samp{universal} or \samp{leopard}): it looks in
      \file{bin/macosx/contrib/3.0} rather than
      \file{bin/macosx/leopard/contrib/2.15}).  This is the type used
      for the \acronym{CRAN} binary distribution for OS X as from \R
      3.0.0.

      \item File \file{etc/Makeconf} makes more use of the macros
      \code{$(CC)}, \code{$(CXX)}, \code{$(F77)} and \code{$(FC)}, so
      the compiler in use can be changed by setting just these (and if
      necessary the corresponding flags and \code{FLIBS}) in file
      \file{~/.R/Makevars}.

      This is convenient for those working with binary distributions of
      \R, e.g. on OS X.
    }
  }

  \subsection{UTILITIES}{
    \itemize{
      \item \command{R CMD check} now gives a warning rather than a
      note if it finds calls to \code{abort}, \code{assert} or
      \code{exit} in compiled code, and has been able to find the
      \file{.o} file in which the calls occur.

      Such calls can terminate the \R process which loads the package.

      \item The location of the build and check environment files can
      now be specified by the environment variables
      \env{R_BUILD_ENVIRON} and \env{R_CHECK_ENVIRON}, respectively.

      \item \command{R CMD Sweave} gains a \option{--compact} option
      to control possibly reducing the size of the PDF file it creates
      when \option{--pdf} is given.

      \item \command{R CMD build} now omits Eclipse's \file{.metadata}
      directories, and \command{R CMD check} warns if it finds them.

      \item \command{R CMD check} now does some checks on functions
      defined within reference classes, including of \code{.Call()} etc
      calls.

      \item \command{R CMD check --as-cran} notes assignments to the
      global environment, calls to \code{data()} which load into the
      global environment, and calls to \code{attach()}.

      \item \command{R CMD build} by default uses the internal method of
      \code{tar()} to prepare the tarball.  This is more likely to
      produce a tarball compatible with \command{R CMD INSTALL} and
      \command{R CMD check}: an external \command{tar} program,
      including options, can be specified \emph{via} the environment
      variable \env{R_BUILD_TAR}.

      \item \code{tools::massageExamples()} is better protected against
      packages which re-define base functions such as \code{cat()} and
      \code{get()} and so can cause \command{R CMD check} to fail when
      checking examples.

      \item \command{R CMD javareconf} has been enhanced to be more
      similar to the code used by \command{configure}.

      There is now a test that a JNI program can be compiled (like
      \command{configure} did) and only working settings are used.

      It makes use of custom settings from configuration recorded in
      \file{etc/javaconf}.

      \item The \option{--no-vignettes} argument of \command{R CMD
    build} has been renamed to the more accurate
      \option{--no-build-vignettes}: its action has always been to
      (re)build vignettes and never omitted them.

      \command{R CMD check} accepts \option{--no-build-vignettes} as a
      preferred synonym for \option{--no-rebuild-vignettes}.
    }
  }

  \subsection{DEPRECATED AND DEFUNCT}{
    \itemize{
      \item The \code{ENCODING} argument to \code{.C()} is defunct.
      Use \code{iconv()} instead.

      \item The \code{.Internal(eval.with.vis)} non-API function has
      been removed.

      \item Support for the converters for use with \code{.C()} has been
      removed, including the oft misused non-API header
      \file{R_ext/RConverters.h}.

      \item The previously deprecated uses of \code{array()} with a
      0-length \code{dim} argument and \code{tapply()} with a 0-length
      \code{INDEX} list are now errors.

      \item \samp{Translation} packages are defunct.

      \item Calling \code{rep()} or \code{rep.int()} on a pairlist or
      other non-vector object is now an error.

      \item Several non-API entry points have been transferred to
      packages (e.g. \code{R_zeroin2}) or replaced by different non-API
      entry points (e.g. \code{R_tabulate}).

      \item The \sQuote{internal} graphics device invoked by
      \code{.Call("R_GD_nullDevice", package = "grDevices")} has
      been removed: use \code{pdf(file = NULL)} instead.

      \item The \code{.Fortran()} entry point \code{"dqrls"} which has
      not been used by \R since version 2.15.1 is no longer available.

      \item Functions \code{traceOn()} and \code{traceOff()} in package
      \pkg{methods} are now defunct.

      \item Function \code{CRAN.packages()} is finally defunct.

      \item Use of \code{col2rgb(0)} is defunct: use \code{par("bg")} or
      \code{NA} instead.

      \item The long-defunct functions \code{Rd_parse()},
      \code{anovalist.lm()}, \code{categpry()}, \code{clearNames()},
      \code{gammaCody()}, \code{glm.fit.null()}, \code{lm.fit.null()},
      \code{lm.wfit.null()}, \code{manglePackageNames()},
      \code{mauchley.test()}, \code{package.contents()},
      \code{print.coefmat()}, \code{reshapeLong()},
      \code{reshapeWide()}, \code{tkclose()}, \code{tkcmd()},
      \code{tkfile.dir()}, \code{tkfile.tail()}, \code{tkopen()},
      \code{tkputs()}, \code{tkread()}, \code{trySilent()} and
      \code{zip.file.extract()} have been removed entirely (but are
      still documented in the help system).

      \item The unused \code{dataPath} argument to
      \code{attachNamespace()} has been removed.

      \item \code{grid.prompt()} has been removed: use
      \code{devAskNewPage()} instead.

      \item The long-deprecated \code{intensities} component is no
      longer returned by \code{hist()}.

      \item \code{mean()} for data frames and \code{sd()} for data
      frames and matrices are defunct.

      \item \code{chol(pivot = FALSE, LINPACK = TRUE)},
      \code{ch2inv(LINPACK = TRUE)}, \code{eigen(EISPACK = TRUE)},
      \code{solve(LINPACK = TRUE)} and \code{svd(LINPACK = TRUE)} are
      defunct: LAPACK will be used, with a warning.

      \item The \code{keep.source} argument to \code{library()} and
      \code{require()} is defunct.  This option needs to be set
      at install time.

      \item Documentation for \code{real()}, \code{as.real()} and
      \code{is.real()} has been moved to \sQuote{defunct} and the
      functions removed.

      \item The \code{maxRasters} argument of \code{pdf()} (unused since
      \R 2.14.0) has been removed.

      \item The unused \code{fontsmooth} argument has been removed from
      the \code{quartz()} device.

      \item All the (non-API) EISPACK entry points in \R have been removed.

      \item \code{chol(pivot = TRUE, LINPACK = TRUE)} is deprecated.

      \item The long-deprecated use of \code{\\synopsis} in the
      \samp{Usage} section of \file{.Rd} files will be removed in \R
      3.1.0.

      \item \code{.find.package()} and \code{.path.package()} are
      deprecated: only the public versions without the dot have ever
      been in the API.

      \item In a package's \file{DESCRIPTION} file, \preformatted{    License: X11}
      is deprecated, since it includes
      \sQuote{Copyright (C) 1996 X Consortium} which cannot be
      appropriate for a current \R package.  Use \sQuote{MIT} or
      \sQuote{BSD_2_clause} instead.
    }
  }

  \subsection{CODE MIGRATION}{
    \itemize{
      \item The C code underlying base graphics has been migrated to the
      \pkg{graphics} package (and hence no longer uses
      \code{.Internal()} calls).

      \item Most of the \code{.Internal()} calls used in the \pkg{stats}
      package have been migrated to C code in that package.

      This means that a number of \code{.Internal()} calls which have
      been used by packages no longer exist, including
      \code{.Internal(cor)} \code{.Internal(cov)},
      \code{.Internal(optimhess)} and \code{.Internal(update.formula)}.

      \item Some \code{.External()} calls to the \code{base} package
      (really to the \R executable or shared library) have been moved to
      more appropriate packages.  Packages should not have been using
      such calls, but some did (mainly those used by \code{integrate()}).
    }
  }

  \subsection{PACKAGE parallel}{
    \itemize{
      \item There is a new function \code{mcaffinity()} which allows
      getting or setting the CPU affinity mask for the current \R process on
      systems that supports this (currently only Linux has been tested
      successfully).  It has no effect on systems which do not support
      process affinity.  Users are not expected to use this function
      directly (with the exception of fixing libraries that break
      affinity settings like OpenBLAS) -- the function is rather
      intended to support affinity control in high-level parallel
      functions.  In the future, \R may supplement lack of affinity
      control in the OS by its own bookkeeping via \code{mcaffinity()}
      related to processes and threads it spawns.

      \item \code{mcparallel()} has a new argument \code{mc.affinity}
      which attempts to set the affinity of the child process according
      to the specification contained therein.

      \item The port used by socket clusters is chosen randomly: this
      should help to avoid clashes observed when two users of a
      multi-user machine try to create a cluster at the same time.  To
      reproduce the previous behaviour set environment variable
      \env{R_PARALLEL_PORT} to \code{10187}.
    }
  }

  \subsection{C-LEVEL FACILITIES}{
    \itemize{
      \item There has been some minor re-organization of the non-API
      header files.  In particular, \file{Rinternals.h} no longer
      includes the non-API header \file{R_exts/PrtUtil.h}, and that no
      longer includes \file{R_exts/Print.h}.

      \item Passing \code{NULL} to \code{.C()} is now an error.

      \item \code{.C()} and \code{.Fortran()} now warn if
      \code{"single"} arguments are used with \code{DUP = FALSE}, as
      changes to such arguments are not returned to the caller.

      \item C entry points \code{R_qsort} and \code{R_qsort_I} now have
      \code{start} and \code{end} as \code{size_t} to allow them to work
      with longer vectors on 64-bit platforms.  Code using them should
      be recompiled.

      \item A few recently added C entry points were missing the
      remapping to \code{Rf_}, notably \code{[dpq]nbinom_mu}.

      \item Some of the interface pointers formerly available only to
      \command{R.app} are now available to front-ends on all
      Unix-alikes: one has been added for the interface to
      \code{View()}.

      \item \code{PACKAGE = ""} is now an error in \code{.C()} etc calls:
      it was always contrary to the documentation.

      \item Entry point \code{rcont2} has been migrated to package
      \pkg{stats} and so is no longer available.

      \item \code{R_SVN_REVISION} in \file{Rversion.h} is now an integer
      (rather than a string) and hence usable as e.g.
      \code{#if R_SVN_REVISION < 70000}.

      \item The entry points \code{rgb2hsv} and \code{hsv2rgb} have been
      migrated to package \pkg{grDevices} and so are no longer available.

      \item \code{R_GE_version} has been increased to \code{10} and
      \code{name2col} removed (use \code{R_GE_str2col} instead).  \R
      internal colour codes are now defined using the typedef
      \code{rcolor}.

      \item The \code{REPROTECT} macro now checks that the protect index
      is valid.

      \item Several non-API entry points no longer used by \R have been
      removed, including the Fortran entry points \code{chol},
      \code{chol2inv}, \code{cg}, \code{ch} and \code{rg}, and the C
      entry points \code{Brent_fmin}, \code{fft_factor} and \code{fft_work}.

      \item If a \code{.External} call is registered with a number of
      arguments (other than \code{-1}), the number of arguments passed
      is checked for each call (as for other foreign function calls).

      \item It is now possible to write custom connection
      implementations outside core R using \file{R_ext/Connections.h}.
      Please note that the implementation of connections is still
      considered internal and may change in the future (see the above
      file for details).
    }
  }

  \subsection{INTERNATIONALIZATION}{
    \itemize{
      \item The management of translations has been converted to \R
      code: see \code{?tools::update_pkg_po}.

      \item The translations for the \R interpreter and
      \command{RGui.exe} are now part of the \pkg{base} package (rather than
      having sources in directory \file{po} and being installed to
      \file{share/locale}).  Thus the \pkg{base} package supports three
      translation domains, \code{R-base}, \code{R} and \code{RGui}.

      \item The compiled translations which ship with \R are all
      installed to the new package \pkg{translations} for easier
      updating.  The first package of that name found on
      \code{.libPaths()} at the start of the \R session will be used.
      (It is possible messages will be used before \code{.libPaths()} is
      set up in which case the default translations will be used: set
      environment variable \env{R_TRANSLATIONS} to point to the location
      of the intended \pkg{translations} package to use this right from
      the start.)

      \item The translations form a separate group in the Windows
      installer, so can be omitted if desired.

      \item The markup for many messages has been changed to make them
      easier to translate, incorporating suggestions from Łukasz Daniel.
    }
  }

  \subsection{INSTALLATION}{
    \itemize{
      \item There is again support for building without using the C
      \sQuote{long double} type.  This is required by C99, but system
      implementations can be slow or flawed.  Use \command{configure}
      option \option{--disable-long-double}.

      \item \command{make pdf} and \command{make install-pdf} now make
      and install the full reference index (including all base and
      recommended packages).

      \item The 'reference manual' on the Windows GUI menu and included
      in the installer is now the full reference index, including all
      base and recommended packages.

      \item \R help pages and manuals have no ISBNs because ISBN
      rules no longer allow constantly changing content to be assigned
      an ISBN.

      \item The Windows installer no longer installs a Start Menu
      link to the static help pages; as most pages are generated
      dynamically, this led to a lot of broken links.

      \item Any custom settings for Java configuration are recorded in
      file \file{etc/javaconf} for subsequent use by \command{R CMD
    javareconf}.

      \item There is now support for \command{makeinfo} version 5.0
      (which requires a slightly different \file{.texi} syntax).

      \item The minimum versions for \option{--use-system-zlib} and
      \code{--use-system-pcre} are now tested as 1.2.5 and 8.10
      respectively.

      \item On Windows, the stack size is reduced to 16MB on 32-bit
      systems: misguided users were launching many threads without
      controlling the stack size.

      \item \command{configure} no longer looks for file
      \file{~/.Rconfig}: \file{~/.R/config} has long been preferred.
    }
  }

  \subsection{BUG FIXES}{
    \itemize{
      \item When \command{R CMD build} is run in an encoding other than
      the one specified in the package's \file{DESCRIPTION} file it
      tries harder to expand the \code{authors@R} field in the specified
      encoding.  (\PR{14958})

      \item If \command{R CMD INSTALL} is required to expand the
      \code{authors@R} field of the \file{DESCRIPTION} file, it tries
      harder to do so in the encoding specified for the package (rather
      than using ASCII escapes).

      \item Fix in package \pkg{grid} for pushing a viewport into a
      layout cell, where the layout is within a viewport that has zero
      physical width OR where the layout has zero total relative width
      (likewise for height).  The layout column widths (or row heights)
      in this case were being calculated with non-finite values.
      (Reported by Winston Chang.)

      \item \code{solve(A, b)} for a vector \code{b} gave the answer
      names from \code{colnames(A)} for \code{LINPACK = TRUE} but not in
      the default case.

      \item \code{La.svd()} accepts logical matrices (as documented, and
      as \code{svd()} did).

      \item \code{legend()} now accepts negative \code{pch} values, in
      the same way \code{points()} long has.

      \item Parse errors when installing files now correctly display
      the name of the file containing the bad code.

      \item In Windows, tcltk windows were not always properly constructed.
      (\PR{15150})

      \item The internal functions implementing \code{parse()},
      \code{tools::parseLatex()} and \code{tools::parse_Rd()} were not
      reentrant, leading to errors in rare circumstances such as a
      garbage collection triggering a recursive call.

      \item Field assignments in reference class objects via
      \code{$<-} were not being checked
      because the magic incantation to turn methods on for that
      primitive operator had been inadvertently omitted. %$

      \item \code{setHook(hookname, value, action="replace")} set the
      hook to be the value, rather than a list containing the value as
      documented. (\PR{15167})

      \item  If a package used a \file{NEWS.Rd} file, the main HTML
      package index page did not link to it.  (Reported by Dirk
      Eddelbuettel.)

      \item The primitive implementation of \code{@<-} was not
      checking the class of the replacement.  It now does a check,
      quicker but less general than \code{slot<-}. See the help.

      \item \code{split(x, f)} now recycles classed objects \code{x} in
      the same way as vectors.  (Reported by Martin Morgan.)

      \item \code{pbeta(.28, 1/2, 2200, lower.tail=FALSE, log.p=TRUE)}
      is no longer \code{-Inf}; ditto for corresponding \code{pt()} and
      \code{pf()} calls, such as \code{pt(45, df=5000, lower.tail=FALSE,
    log.p=TRUE)}. (\PR{15162})

      \item The Windows graphics device would crash \R{} if a user
      attempted to load the graphics history from a variable that was
      not a saved history. (\PR{15230})

      \item The workspace size for the \code{predict()}
      method for \code{loess()} could exceed the maximum integer size.
      (Reported by Hiroyuki Kawakatsu.)

      \item \code{ftable(x, row.vars, col.vars)} now also works when the
      \code{*.vars} arguments are (integer or character vectors) of
      length zero.

      \item Calling \code{cat()} on a malformed UTF-8 string could cause
      the Windows GUI to lock up. (\PR{15227})

      \item \code{removeClass(cc)} gave "node stack overflow" for some
      class definitions containing \code{"array"} or \code{"matrix"}.
    }
  }
}

\section{CHANGES in previous versions}{
   \itemize{
     \item 
     Older news can be found in text format in files 
     \{\file{NEWS.0}, \file{NEWS.1} and 
     \file{NEWS.2} in the \R home directory.  News in HTML format for 
     \R  versions from 2.10.0 to 2.15.3 is in 
     \ifelse{html}{\url{NEWS.2.html}}{\file{doc/html/NEWS.2.html}}.
   }
 }