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% File src/library/base/man/connections.Rd
% Part of the R package, http://www.R-project.org
% Copyright 1995-2008 R Core Development Team
% Distributed under GPL 2 or later

\name{connections}
\alias{connections}
\alias{connection}
\alias{file}
\alias{clipboard}
\alias{pipe}
\alias{fifo}
\alias{gzfile}
\alias{unz}
\alias{bzfile}
\alias{url}
\alias{socketConnection}
\alias{open}
\alias{open.connection}
\alias{isOpen}
\alias{isIncomplete}
\alias{close}
\alias{close.connection}
\alias{flush}
\alias{flush.connection}
\alias{print.connection}
\alias{summary.connection}
\concept{encoding}
\concept{compression}
\title{Functions to Manipulate Connections}
\description{
  Functions to create, open and close connections.
}
\usage{
file(description = "", open = "", blocking = TRUE,
     encoding = getOption("encoding"))

url(description, open = "", blocking = TRUE,
    encoding = getOption("encoding"))

gzfile(description, open = "", encoding = getOption("encoding"),
       compression = 6)

bzfile(description, open = "", encoding = getOption("encoding"))

unz(description, filename, open = "",
    encoding = getOption("encoding"))

pipe(description, open = "", encoding = getOption("encoding"))

fifo(description, open = "", blocking = FALSE,
     encoding = getOption("encoding"))

socketConnection(host = "localhost", port, server = FALSE,
                 blocking = FALSE, open = "a+",
                 encoding = getOption("encoding"))

open(con, \dots)
\method{open}{connection}(con, open = "r", blocking = TRUE, \dots)

close(con, \dots)
\method{close}{connection}(con, type = "rw", \dots)

flush(con)

isOpen(con, rw = "")
isIncomplete(con)
}
\arguments{
  \item{description}{character string. A description of the connection:
    see \sQuote{Details}.}
  \item{open}{character.  A description of how to open the connection
    (if at all).  See \sQuote{Details} for possible values.}
  \item{blocking}{logical.  See the \sQuote{Blocking} section below.}
  \item{encoding}{The name of the encoding to be used.  See the
    \sQuote{Encoding} section below.}
  \item{compression}{integer in 0--9.  The amount of compression to be
    applied when writing, from none to maximal.  The default is a good
    space/time compromise.}
  \item{filename}{a filename within a zip file.}
  \item{host}{character.  Host name for port.}
  \item{port}{integer.  The TCP port number.}
  \item{server}{logical.  Should the socket be a client or a server?}
  \item{con}{a connection.}
  \item{type}{character. Currently ignored.}
  \item{rw}{character.  Empty or \code{"read"} or \code{"write"},
    partial matches allowed.}
  \item{\dots}{arguments passed to or from other methods.}
}
\details{
  The first eight functions create connections.  By default the
  connection is not opened (except for \code{socketConnection}), but may
  be opened by setting a non-empty value of argument \code{open}.

  For \code{file} the description is either a path to the file to be
  opened or a complete URL, or \code{""} (the default) or \code{"stdin"}
  or \code{"clipboard"} (see below).

  For \code{url} the description is a complete URL, including scheme
  (such as \code{http://}, \code{ftp://} or \code{file://}).

  For \code{gzfile} the description is the path to a file that is
  compressed by \code{gzip}: it can also opened uncompressed files.

  For \code{bzfile} the description is the path to a file that is
  compressed by \code{bzip2}.

  \code{unz} reads (only) single files within zip files, in binary mode.
  The description is the full path to the zip file, with \file{.zip}
  extension if required.

  For \code{pipe} the description is the command line to be piped to or
  from.
#ifdef windows
  This command line is run in the shell specified by the \env{COMSPEC}
  environment variable.
#endif

  For \code{fifo} the description is the path of the fifo.
#ifdef windows
  (Windows does not have fifos, so attempts to use this function are an
  error.)
#endif

  \code{file} allows \code{description="stdin"} to refer to the C-level
  \code{stdin} of the process (which need not be connected to anything
#ifdef unix
  in a console or embedded version of \R), provided the C99 function
  \code{fdopen} is supported on the platform.
#endif
#ifdef windows
  in a console or embedded version of \R, and is not in \code{RGui}).
#endif

  \code{gzfile} and \code{bzfile} open the actual file in binary mode
  and so no translations are done if the original file was a text file.
  (See \code{\link{gzcon}} for a way to add compression to non-file
  connections such as URLs.)
  
  All platforms support \code{file}, \code{gzfile}, \code{bzfile},
  \code{unz} and \code{url("file://")} connections.  The other types may
  be partially implemented or not implemented at all.  (They do work on
  most Unix platforms, and all but \code{fifo} on Windows.)

  Proxies can be specified for \code{url} connections: see
  \code{\link{download.file}}.

  \code{open}, \code{close} and \code{seek} are generic functions: the
  following applies to the methods relevant to connections.

  \code{open} opens a connection.  In general functions using
  connections will open them if they are not open, but then close them
  again, so to leave a connection open call \code{open} explicitly.

  Possible values for the mode \code{open} to open a connection are
  \describe{
    \item{\code{"r"} or \code{"rt"}}{Open for reading in text mode.}
    \item{\code{"w"} or \code{"wt"}}{Open for writing in text mode.}
    \item{\code{"a"} or \code{"at"}}{Open for appending in text mode.}
    \item{\code{"rb"}}{Open for reading in binary mode.}
    \item{\code{"wb"}}{Open for writing in binary mode.}
    \item{\code{"ab"}}{Open for appending in binary mode.}
    \item{\code{"r+"}, \code{"r+b"}}{Open for reading and writing.}
    \item{\code{"w+"}, \code{"w+b"}}{Open for reading and writing,
      truncating file initially.}
    \item{\code{"a+"}, \code{"a+b"}}{Open for reading and appending.}
  }
  Not all modes are applicable to all connections: for example URLs can
  only be opened for reading.  Only file and socket connections can be
  opened for reading and writing/appending. For many connections there
  is little or no difference between text and binary modes, but there is
  for file-like connections on Windows, and \code{\link{pushBack}} is
  text-oriented and is only allowed on connections open for reading in
  text mode.
#ifdef unix
  If a file or fifo is created on a Unix-alike, its permissions will be
  the maximal allowed by the current setting of \code{umask} (see
  \code{\link{Sys.umask}}).
#endif
  
  \code{gzfile} connections are an exception, as the file always has to
  be opened in binary mode.  Thus modes such as \code{r} are binary, and
  \code{rt} is needed to have a text-mode connection.

  \code{close} closes and destroys a connection.  Note that this will
  happen automatically in due course if there is no \R object referring
  to the connection.

  A maximum of 128 connections can be allocated (not necessarily open)
  at any one time.  Three of these are pre-allocated (see
  \code{\link{stdout}}).   The OS will impose limits on the numbers of
  connections of various types, but these are usually larger than 125.

  \code{flush} flushes the output stream of a connection open for
  write/append (where implemented).

  If for a \code{file} or \code{fifo} connection the description is
  \code{""}, the file/fifo is immediately opened (in \code{"w+"} mode
  unless \code{open="w+b"} is specified) and unlinked from the file
  system.  This provides a temporary file/fifo to write to and then read
  from.

  A note on \code{file://} URLs.  The most general form (from RFC1738) is
  \code{file://host/path/to/file}, but \R only accepts the form with an
  empty \code{host} field referring to the local machine.
#ifdef unix
  This is then \code{file:///path/to/file}, where \code{path/to/file} is
  relative to \code{/}.  So although the third slash is strictly part of
  the specification not part of the path, this can be regarded as a way
  to specify the file \file{/path/to/file}.  It is not possible to
  specify a relative path using a file URL.
#endif
#ifdef windows
  In this form the path is relative to the root of the filesystem, not a
  Windows concept.  The standard form is \code{file:///d:/R/repos}: for
  compatibility with earlier versions of \R and Unix versions,
  any other form is parsed as \R as \code{file://} plus \code{path_to_file}.
  Also, backslashes are accepted within the path even though
  RFC1738 does not allow them.
#endif
  Also, no attempt is made to decode an encoded URL: call
  \code{\link{URLdecode}} if necessary.

  Note that \code{https://} connections are
#ifdef unix
  not supported.
#endif
#ifdef windows
  only supported if \code{--internet2} was used (to make use of Internet
  Explorer internals), and then only if the certificate is considered to
  be valid.  With that option only, the \code{http://user:pass@site}
  notation for sites requiring authentication is also accepted.
#endif
}
\value{
  \code{file}, \code{pipe}, \code{fifo}, \code{url}, \code{gzfile},
  \code{bzfile}, \code{unz} and \code{socketConnection} return a
  connection object which inherits from class \code{"connection"} and
  has a first more specific class.

  \code{isOpen} returns a logical value, whether the connection is
  currently open.

  \code{isIncomplete} returns a logical value, whether last read attempt
  was blocked, or for an output text connection whether there is
  unflushed output.
}
\section{Encoding}{
  The encoding of the input/output stream of a connection in \emph{text}
  mode can be specified by name, in the same way as it would be given to
  \code{\link{iconv}}: see that help page for how to find out what names are
  recognized on your platform.  Additionally, \code{""} and
  \code{"native.enc"} both mean the \sQuote{native} encoding, that is
  the internal encoding of the current locale and hence no translation
  is done.
#ifdef unix
  Not all builds of \R support this, and if yours does not, specifying a
  non-default encoding will give an error when the connection is opened.
#endif

  Re-encoding only works for connections in text mode.

  The encoding \code{"UCS-2LE"} is treated specially, as it is the
  appropriate value for Windows \sQuote{Unicode} text files.  If the
  first two bytes are the Byte Order Mark \code{0xFFFE} then these are
  removed as most implementations of \code{\link{iconv}} do not accept
  BOMs.  Note that some implementations
#ifdef windows
  (including that used on Windows)
#endif
  will handle BOMs using encoding \code{"UCS-2"} but many
#ifdef windows
  (including that in \code{glibc})
#endif
  will not.

  Exactly what happens when the requested translation cannot be done is
  in general undocumented.  Requesting a conversion that is not supported is
  an error, reported when the connection is opened.  On output the
  result is likely to be that up to the error, with a warning.  On
  input, it will most likely be all or some of the input up to the
  error.
}
\section{Blocking}{
  The default condition for all but fifo and socket connections is to be in
  blocking mode.  In that mode, functions do not return to the \R
  evaluator until they are complete.   In non-blocking mode, operations
  return as soon as possible, so on input they will return with whatever
  input is available (possibly none) and for output they will return
  whether or not the write succeeded.

  The function \code{\link{readLines}} behaves differently in respect of
  incomplete last lines in the two modes: see its help page.

  Even when a connection is in blocking mode, attempts are made to
  ensure that it does not block the event loop and hence the operation
  of GUI parts of \R.  These do not always succeed, and the whole
  process will be blocked during a DNS lookup on Unix, for example.

  Most blocking operations on URLs and sockets are subject to the
  timeout set by \code{options("timeout")}.  Note that this is a timeout
  for no response at all, not for the whole operation.  The timeout is
  set at the time the connection is opened (more precisely, when the
  last connection of that type -- \code{http:}, \code{ftp:} or socket --
  was opened).
}
\section{Fifos}{
  Fifos default to non-blocking.  That follows S version 4 and is probably most
  natural, but it does have some implications.
  In particular, opening a non-blocking fifo connection for writing
  (only) will fail unless some other process is reading on the fifo.

  Opening a fifo for both reading and writing (in any mode: one can only
  append to fifos) connects both sides of the fifo to the \R process,
  and provides an similar facility to \code{file()}.
}
\section{Clipboard}{
  \code{file} can also be used with \code{description = "clipboard"}
#ifdef windows
  in modes \code{"r"} and \code{"w"} only.
#endif
#ifdef unix
  in mode \code{"r"} only.  This reads the X11 primary selection (see
  \url{http://standards.freedesktop.org/clipboards-spec/clipboards-latest.txt}),
  which can also be specified as \code{"X11_primary"} and the secondary
  selection as \code{"X11_secondary"}.  On most systems the clipboard
  selection (that used by \sQuote{Copy} from an \sQuote{Edit} menu) can
  be specified as \code{"X11_clipboard"}.
#endif
  
  When a clipboard is opened for reading, the contents are immediately
  copied to internal storage in the connection.

#ifdef windows
  When writing to the clipboard, the output is copied to the clipboard
  only when the connection is closed or flushed.  There is a 32Kb limit
  on the text to be written to the clipboard. This can be raised by
  using e.g. \code{file("clipboard-128")} to give 128Kb.

  The clipboard works in Unicode wide characters, so encodings might
  not work as one might expect.
#endif
#ifdef unix
  Unix users wishing to \emph{write} to one of the selections may be
  able to do so via \code{xclip}
  (\url{http://people.debian.org/~kims/xclip/}), for example by
  \code{pipe("xclip -i", "w")} for the primary selection.

  MacOS X users can use \code{pipe("pbpaste")} and
  \code{pipe("pbcopy", "w")} to read from and write to that system's
  clipboard.
#endif
}
\note{
  \R's connections are modelled on those in S version 4 (see Chambers,
  1998).  However \R goes well beyond the S model, for example in
  output text connections and URL, \code{gzfile}, \code{bzfile} and socket
  connections.

  The default mode in \R is \code{"r"} except for socket connections.
  This differs from S, where it is the equivalent of \code{"r+"},
  known as \code{"*"}.

  On (rare) platforms where \code{vsnprintf} does not return the needed length
  of output there is a 100,000 character output limit on
  the length of line for \code{fifo}, \code{gzfile} and \code{bzfile}
  connections: longer lines will be truncated with a warning.
}
\references{
  Chambers, J. M. (1998)
  \emph{Programming with Data.  A Guide to the S Language.} Springer.
}

\seealso{
  \code{\link{textConnection}}, \code{\link{seek}},
  \code{\link{showConnections}}, \code{\link{pushBack}}.
  
  Functions making direct use of connections are \code{\link{readLines}},
  \code{\link{readBin}}, \code{\link{readChar}},
  \code{\link{writeLines}}, \code{\link{writeBin}},
  \code{\link{writeChar}}, \code{\link{cat}}, \code{\link{sink}},
  \code{\link{scan}}, \code{\link{parse}}, \code{\link{read.dcf}},
  \code{\link{load}}, \code{\link{save}}, \code{\link{dput}} and
  \code{\link{dump}}.
  
  \code{\link{capabilities}} to see if \code{url},
  \code{fifo} and \code{socketConnection} are supported by this build of \R.

  \code{\link{gzcon}} to wrap gzip (de)compression around a connection.

#ifdef windows
  To flush output to the console, see \code{\link{flush.console}}.
#endif
}

\examples{
zz <- file("ex.data", "w")  # open an output file connection
cat("TITLE extra line", "2 3 5 7", "", "11 13 17", file = zz, sep = "\n")
cat("One more line\n", file = zz)
close(zz)
readLines("ex.data")
unlink("ex.data")

zz <- gzfile("ex.gz", "w")  # compressed file
cat("TITLE extra line", "2 3 5 7", "", "11 13 17", file = zz, sep = "\n")
close(zz)
readLines(zz <- gzfile("ex.gz"))
close(zz)
unlink("ex.gz")

zz <- bzfile("ex.bz2", "w")  # bzip2-ed file
cat("TITLE extra line", "2 3 5 7", "", "11 13 17", file = zz, sep = "\n")
close(zz)
print(readLines(zz <- bzfile("ex.bz2")))
close(zz)
unlink("ex.bz2")

## An example of a file open for reading and writing
Tfile <- file("test1", "w+")
c(isOpen(Tfile, "r"), isOpen(Tfile, "w")) # both TRUE
cat("abc\ndef\n", file=Tfile)
readLines(Tfile)
seek(Tfile, 0, rw="r") # reset to beginning
readLines(Tfile)
cat("ghi\n", file=Tfile)
readLines(Tfile)
close(Tfile)
unlink("test1")

## We can do the same thing with an anonymous file.
Tfile <- file()
cat("abc\ndef\n", file=Tfile)
readLines(Tfile)
close(Tfile)

\donttest{## fifo example -- may fail, e.g. on Cygwin, even with OS support for fifos
if(capabilities("fifo")) {
  zz <- fifo("foo-fifo", "w+")
  writeLines("abc", zz)
  print(readLines(zz))
  close(zz)
  unlink("foo-fifo")
}}

#ifdef unix
\donttest{
## Unix examples of use of pipes

# read listing of current directory
readLines(pipe("ls -1"))

# remove trailing commas. Suppose
\dontshow{
writeLines(c("450, 390, 467, 654,  30, 542, 334, 432, 421,",
"357, 497, 493, 550, 549, 467, 575, 578, 342,",
"446, 547, 534, 495, 979, 479"), "data2_")}
\dontrun{\% cat data2
450, 390, 467, 654,  30, 542, 334, 432, 421,
357, 497, 493, 550, 549, 467, 575, 578, 342,
446, 547, 534, 495, 979, 479}
# Then read this by
scan(pipe("sed -e s/,$// data2_"), sep=",")
\dontshow{unlink("data2_")}

# convert decimal point to comma in output: see also write.table
# both R strings and (probably) the shell need \ doubled
zz <- pipe(paste("sed s/\\\\\\\\./,/ >", "outfile"), "w")
cat(format(round(stats::rnorm(48), 4)), fill=70, file = zz)
close(zz)
file.show("outfile", delete.file=TRUE)

## example for a machine running a finger daemon

con <- socketConnection(port = 79, blocking = TRUE)
writeLines(paste(system("whoami", intern=TRUE), "\r", sep=""), con)
gsub(" *$", "", readLines(con))
close(con)
}
#endif

\dontrun{
## two R processes communicating via non-blocking sockets
# R process 1
con1 <- socketConnection(port = 6011, server=TRUE)
writeLines(LETTERS, con1)
close(con1)

# R process 2
con2 <- socketConnection(Sys.info()["nodename"], port = 6011)
# as non-blocking, may need to loop for input
readLines(con2)
while(isIncomplete(con2)) {Sys.sleep(1); readLines(con2)}
close(con2)

## examples of use of encodings
cat(x, file = (con <- file("foo", "w", encoding="UTF-8"))); close(con)
# read a 'Windows Unicode' file
A <- read.table(con <- file("students", encoding="UCS-2LE")); close(con)
}}
\keyword{file}
\keyword{connection}