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R : Copyright 2003, The R Development Core TeamVersion 1.8.0 Under development (unstable) (2003-05-12)R is free software and comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.You are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions.Type `license()' or `licence()' for distribution details.R is a collaborative project with many contributors.Type `contributors()' for more information.Type `demo()' for some demos, `help()' for on-line help, or`help.start()' for a HTML browser interface to help.Type `q()' to quit R.> #### Run all demos that do not depend on tcl and other specials.> .ptime <- proc.time()> .Random.seed <- c(0,rep(7654, 3))>> ## Drop these for strict testing {and add them to demos2.R)> ## in ../src/library/base/man/demo.Rd }:> dont <- list(base = c("Hershey", "Japanese", "lm.glm", "nlm", "plotmath")+ )> ## don't take tcltk here> for(pkg in c("base", "eda")) {++ demos <- list.files(file.path(system.file(package = pkg), "demo"),+ pattern = "\\.R$")+ demos <- demos[is.na(match(demos, paste(dont[[pkg]], "R",sep=".")))]++ if(length(demos)) {+ if(need <- pkg != "base" &&+ !any((fpkg <- paste("package", pkg, sep=":")) == search()))+ library(pkg, character.only = TRUE)++ for(nam in sub("\\.R$", "", demos))+ demo(nam, character.only = TRUE)++ if(need) detach(pos = which(fpkg == search()))+ }+ }demo(glm.vr)---- ~~~~~~> Fr <- c(68, 42, 42, 30, 37, 52, 24, 43, 66, 50, 33,23, 47, 55, 23, 47, 63, 53, 29, 27, 57, 49, 19, 29)> Temp <- gl(2, 2, 24, labels = c("Low", "High"))> Soft <- gl(3, 8, 24, labels = c("Hard", "Medium","Soft"))> M.user <- gl(2, 4, 24, labels = c("N", "Y"))> Brand <- gl(2, 1, 24, labels = c("X", "M"))> detg <- data.frame(Fr, Temp, Soft, M.user, Brand)> detg.m0 <- glm(Fr ~ M.user * Temp * Soft + Brand,family = poisson, data = detg)> summary(detg.m0)Call:glm(formula = Fr ~ M.user * Temp * Soft + Brand, family = poisson,data = detg)Deviance Residuals:Min 1Q Median 3Q Max-2.208764 -0.991898 -0.001264 0.935415 1.976008Coefficients:Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)(Intercept) 4.01524 0.10034 40.018 < 2e-16 ***M.userY -0.21184 0.14257 -1.486 0.13731TempHigh -0.42381 0.15159 -2.796 0.00518 **SoftMedium 0.05311 0.13308 0.399 0.68984SoftSoft 0.05311 0.13308 0.399 0.68984BrandM -0.01587 0.06300 -0.252 0.80106M.userY:TempHigh 0.13987 0.22168 0.631 0.52806M.userY:SoftMedium 0.08323 0.19685 0.423 0.67245M.userY:SoftSoft 0.12169 0.19591 0.621 0.53449TempHigh:SoftMedium -0.30442 0.22239 -1.369 0.17104TempHigh:SoftSoft -0.30442 0.22239 -1.369 0.17104M.userY:TempHigh:SoftMedium 0.21189 0.31577 0.671 0.50220M.userY:TempHigh:SoftSoft -0.20387 0.32540 -0.627 0.53098---Signif. codes: 0 `***' 0.001 `**' 0.01 `*' 0.05 `.' 0.1 ` ' 1(Dispersion parameter for poisson family taken to be 1)Null deviance: 118.627 on 23 degrees of freedomResidual deviance: 32.826 on 11 degrees of freedomAIC: 191.24Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 4> detg.mod <- glm(terms(Fr ~ M.user * Temp * Soft +Brand * M.user * Temp, keep.order = TRUE), family = poisson,data = detg)> summary(detg.mod, correlation = FALSE)Call:glm(formula = terms(Fr ~ M.user * Temp * Soft + Brand * M.user *Temp, keep.order = TRUE), family = poisson, data = detg)Deviance Residuals:Min 1Q Median 3Q Max-0.913649 -0.355846 0.002531 0.330274 0.921460Coefficients:Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)(Intercept) 4.14887 0.10603 39.128 <2e-16 ***M.userY -0.40521 0.16188 -2.503 0.0123 *TempHigh -0.44275 0.17121 -2.586 0.0097 **M.userY:TempHigh -0.12692 0.26257 -0.483 0.6288SoftMedium 0.05311 0.13308 0.399 0.6898SoftSoft 0.05311 0.13308 0.399 0.6898M.userY:SoftMedium 0.08323 0.19685 0.423 0.6725M.userY:SoftSoft 0.12169 0.19591 0.621 0.5345TempHigh:SoftMedium -0.30442 0.22239 -1.369 0.1710TempHigh:SoftSoft -0.30442 0.22239 -1.369 0.1710M.userY:TempHigh:SoftMedium 0.21189 0.31577 0.671 0.5022M.userY:TempHigh:SoftSoft -0.20387 0.32540 -0.627 0.5310BrandM -0.30647 0.10942 -2.801 0.0051 **M.userY:BrandM 0.40757 0.15961 2.554 0.0107 *TempHigh:BrandM 0.04411 0.18463 0.239 0.8112M.userY:TempHigh:BrandM 0.44427 0.26673 1.666 0.0958 .---Signif. codes: 0 `***' 0.001 `**' 0.01 `*' 0.05 `.' 0.1 ` ' 1(Dispersion parameter for poisson family taken to be 1)Null deviance: 118.627 on 23 degrees of freedomResidual deviance: 5.656 on 8 degrees of freedomAIC: 170.07Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 4> symnum(summary(detg.mod, correlation = TRUE)$corr)( M.sY TmH M.sY:TH SM SS M.Y:SM M.Y:SS TH:SM TH:SS(Intercept) 1M.userY , 1TempHigh , . 1M.userY:TempHigh . , , 1SoftMedium , . . 1SoftSoft , . . . 1M.userY:SoftMedium . , . , . 1M.userY:SoftSoft . , . . , . 1TempHigh:SoftMedium . , . . . . 1TempHigh:SoftSoft . , . . . . . 1M.userY:TempHigh:SoftMedium . . . . , . , .M.userY:TempHigh:SoftSoft . . . . . , . ,BrandM .M.userY:BrandM .TempHigh:BrandM . .M.userY:TempHigh:BrandM . .M.Y:TH:SM M.Y:TH:SS B M.Y:B TH:B M.Y:TH:B(Intercept)M.userYTempHighM.userY:TempHighSoftMediumSoftSoftM.userY:SoftMediumM.userY:SoftSoftTempHigh:SoftMediumTempHigh:SoftSoftM.userY:TempHigh:SoftMedium 1M.userY:TempHigh:SoftSoft . 1BrandM 1M.userY:BrandM , 1TempHigh:BrandM . . 1M.userY:TempHigh:BrandM . . , 1attr(,"legend")[1] 0 ` ' 0.3 `.' 0.6 `,' 0.8 `+' 0.9 `*' 0.95 `B' 1> anova(detg.m0, detg.mod)Analysis of Deviance TableModel 1: Fr ~ M.user * Temp * Soft + BrandModel 2: Fr ~ M.user * Temp * Soft + Brand * M.user * TempResid. Df Resid. Dev Df Deviance1 11 32.8262 8 5.656 3 27.170demo(graphics)---- ~~~~~~~~> if (dev.cur() <= 1) get(getOption("device"))()> opar <- par(ask = interactive() && (.Device %in% c("X11","GTK", "gnome", "windows")))> x <- rnorm(50)> opar <- c(opar, par(bg = "white"))> plot(x, ann = FALSE, type = "n")> abline(h = 0, col = gray(0.9))> lines(x, col = "green4", lty = "dotted")> points(x, bg = "limegreen", pch = 21)> title(main = "Simple Use of Color In a Plot", xlab = "Just a Whisper of a Label",col.main = "blue", col.lab = gray(0.8), cex.main = 1.2, cex.lab = 1,font.main = 4, font.lab = 3)> par(bg = "gray")> pie(rep(1, 24), col = rainbow(24), radius = 0.9)> title(main = "A Sample Color Wheel", cex.main = 1.4,font.main = 3)> title(xlab = "(Use this as a test of monitor linearity)",cex.lab = 0.8, font.lab = 3)> pie.sales <- c(0.12, 0.3, 0.26, 0.16, 0.04, 0.12)> names(pie.sales) <- c("Blueberry", "Cherry", "Apple","Boston Cream", "Other", "Vanilla Cream")> pie(pie.sales, col = c("purple", "violetred1", "green3","cornsilk", "cyan", "white"))> title(main = "January Pie Sales", cex.main = 1.8,font.main = 1)> title(xlab = "(Don't try this at home kids)", cex.lab = 0.8,font.lab = 3)> par(bg = "cornsilk")> n <- 10> g <- gl(n, 100, n * 100)> x <- rnorm(n * 100) + sqrt(as.numeric(g))> boxplot(split(x, g), col = "lavender", notch = TRUE)> title(main = "Notched Boxplots", xlab = "Group", font.main = 4,font.lab = 1)> par(bg = "white")> n <- 100> x <- c(0, cumsum(rnorm(n)))> y <- c(0, cumsum(rnorm(n)))> xx <- c(0:n, n:0)> yy <- c(x, rev(y))> plot(xx, yy, type = "n", xlab = "Time", ylab = "Distance")> polygon(xx, yy, col = "gray")> title("Distance Between Brownian Motions")> x <- c(0, 0.4, 0.86, 0.85, 0.69, 0.48, 0.54, 1.09,1.11, 1.73, 2.05, 2.02)> par(bg = "lightgray")> plot(x, type = "n", axes = FALSE, ann = FALSE)> usr <- par("usr")> rect(usr[1], usr[3], usr[2], usr[4], col = "cornsilk",border = "black")> lines(x, col = "blue")> points(x, pch = 21, bg = "lightcyan", cex = 1.25)> axis(2, col.axis = "blue", las = 1)> axis(1, at = 1:12, lab = month.abb, col.axis = "blue")> box()> title(main = "The Level of Interest in R", font.main = 4,col.main = "red")> title(xlab = "1996", col.lab = "red")> par(bg = "cornsilk")> x <- rnorm(1000)> hist(x, xlim = range(-4, 4, x), col = "lavender",main = "")> title(main = "1000 Normal Random Variates", font.main = 3)> data("iris")> pairs(iris[1:4], main = "Edgar Anderson's Iris Data",font.main = 4, pch = 19)> pairs(iris[1:4], main = "Edgar Anderson's Iris Data",pch = 21, bg = c("red", "green3", "blue")[unclass(iris$Species)])> data("volcano")> x <- 10 * 1:nrow(volcano)> y <- 10 * 1:ncol(volcano)> l <- pretty(range(volcano), 10)> par(bg = "lightcyan")> pin <- par("pin")> xdelta <- diff(range(x))> ydelta <- diff(range(y))> xscale <- pin[1]/xdelta> yscale <- pin[2]/ydelta> scale <- if (xscale < yscale) xscale else yscale> xadd <- 0.5 * (pin[1]/scale - xdelta)> yadd <- 0.5 * (pin[2]/scale - ydelta)> plot(numeric(0), numeric(0), xlim = range(x) + c(-1,1) * xadd, ylim = range(y) + c(-1, 1) * yadd, type = "n",ann = FALSE)> usr <- par("usr")> rect(usr[1], usr[3], usr[2], usr[4], col = "green3")> contour(x, y, volcano, levels = l, col = "yellow",lty = "solid", add = TRUE)> box()> title("A Topographic Map of Maunga Whau", font = 4)> title(xlab = "Meters North", ylab = "Meters West",font = 3)> mtext("10 Meter Contour Spacing", side = 3, line = 0.35,outer = FALSE, at = mean(par("usr")[1:2]), cex = 0.7, font = 3)> par(bg = "cornsilk")> data(quakes)> coplot(lat ~ long | depth, data = quakes, pch = 21,bg = "green3")> par(opar)demo(image)---- ~~~~~> if (dev.cur() <= 1) get(getOption("device"))()> opar <- par(ask = interactive() && (.Device %in% c("X11","GTK", "windows")))> data(volcano)> x <- 10 * (1:nrow(volcano))> x.at <- seq(100, 800, by = 100)> y <- 10 * (1:ncol(volcano))> y.at <- seq(100, 600, by = 100)> image(x, y, volcano, col = terrain.colors(100), axes = FALSE)> contour(x, y, volcano, levels = seq(90, 200, by = 5),add = TRUE, col = "brown")> axis(1, at = x.at)> axis(2, at = y.at)> box()> title(main = "Maunga Whau Volcano", sub = "col=terrain.colors(100)",font.main = 4)> image(x, y, volcano, col = heat.colors(100), axes = FALSE)> contour(x, y, volcano, levels = seq(90, 200, by = 5),add = TRUE, col = "brown")> axis(1, at = x.at)> axis(2, at = y.at)> box()> title(main = "Maunga Whau Volcano", sub = "col=heat.colors(100)",font.main = 4)> image(x, y, volcano, col = gray(100:200/200), axes = FALSE)> contour(x, y, volcano, levels = seq(90, 200, by = 5),add = TRUE, col = "black")> axis(1, at = x.at)> axis(2, at = y.at)> box()> title(main = "Maunga Whau Volcano \n col=gray(100:200/200)",font.main = 4)> example(filled.contour)flld.c> data(volcano)flld.c> filled.contour(volcano, color = terrain.colors, asp = 1)flld.c> x <- 10 * 1:nrow(volcano)flld.c> y <- 10 * 1:ncol(volcano)flld.c> filled.contour(x, y, volcano, color = terrain.colors,plot.title = title(main = "The Topography of Maunga Whau",xlab = "Meters North", ylab = "Meters West"), plot.axes = {axis(1, seq(100, 800, by = 100))axis(2, seq(10 .... [TRUNCATED]flld.c> mtext(paste("filled.contour(.) from", R.version.string),side = 1, line = 4, adj = 1, cex = 0.66)flld.c> a <- expand.grid(1:20, 1:20)flld.c> b <- matrix(a[, 1] + a[, 2], 20)flld.c> filled.contour(x = 1:20, y = 1:20, z = b, plot.axes = {axis(1)axis(2)points(10, 10)})> par(opar)demo(is.things)---- ~~~~~~~~~> ls.base <- ls("package:base")> base.is.f <- sapply(ls.base, function(x) is.function(get(x)))> bi <- ls.base[base.is.f]> cat("\nNumber of base objects:\t\t", length(ls.base),"\nNumber of builtin functions:\t", sum(base.is.f), "\n\t starting with 'is.' :\t ",length(is.bi <- bi[substring(bi, 1, 3) == "is."]), "\n")Number of base objects: 1632Number of builtin functions: 1599starting with 'is.' : 45> is.primitive <- function(obj) is.function(obj) &&is.null(args(obj))> is.method <- function(fname) {isFun <- function(name) (exists(name, mode = "function") &&is.na(match(name, c("is", "as"))))np <- length(sp <- strsplit(fname, split = "\\.")[[1]])if (np <= 1)FALSEelse (isFun(pas .... [TRUNCATED]> is.ALL <- function(obj, func.names = ls(pos = length(search())),not.using = c("is.single", "is.loaded", "is.empty.model","is.R", "is.element"), true.only = FALSE, debug = FALSE) {is.fn <- func.names[substring(func.names, 1, 3) == .... [TRUNCATED]> print.isList <- function(x, ..., verbose = getOption("verbose")) {if (is.list(x)) {if (verbose)cat("print.isList(): list case (length=", length(x),")\n")nm <- format(names(x))rr <- lappl .... [TRUNCATED]> is.ALL(NULL)is.array : .is.atomic : |is.call : .is.character : .is.complex : .is.data.frame : .is.double : .is.environment : .is.expression : .is.factor : .is.finite : NAis.function : .is.infinite : ()is.integer : .is.language : .is.list : .is.logical : .is.matrix : .is.mts : .is.na : NAis.name : .is.nan : ()is.null : |is.numeric : .is.object : .is.ordered : .is.pairlist : |is.qr : .is.real : .is.recursive : .is.symbol : .is.table : .is.ts : .is.unsorted : .is.vector : .> is.ALL(NULL, true.only = TRUE)[1] "is.atomic" "is.null" "is.pairlist"> all.equal(NULL, pairlist())[1] TRUE> is.ALL(list(), true.only = TRUE)[1] "is.list" "is.recursive" "is.vector"> (pl <- is.ALL(pairlist(1, list(3, "A")), true.only = TRUE))[1] "is.list" "is.pairlist" "is.recursive"> (ll <- is.ALL(list(1, pairlist(3, "A")), true.only = TRUE))[1] "is.list" "is.recursive" "is.vector"> all.equal(pl[pl != "is.pairlist"], ll[ll != "is.vector"])[1] TRUE> is.ALL(1:5)is.array : .is.atomic : |is.call : .is.character : .is.complex : .is.data.frame : .is.double : .is.environment : .is.expression : .is.factor : .is.finite : | | | | |is.function : .is.infinite : . . . . .is.integer : |is.language : .is.list : .is.logical : .is.matrix : .is.mts : .is.na : . . . . .is.name : .is.nan : . . . . .is.null : .is.numeric : |is.object : .is.ordered : .is.pairlist : .is.qr : .is.real : .is.recursive : .is.symbol : .is.table : .is.ts : .is.unsorted : .is.vector : |> is.ALL(array(1:24, 2:4))is.array : |is.atomic : |is.call : .is.character : .is.complex : .is.data.frame : .is.double : .is.environment : .is.expression : .is.factor : .is.finite : | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |is.function : .is.infinite : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .is.integer : |is.language : .is.list : .is.logical : .is.matrix : .is.mts : .is.na : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .is.name : .is.nan : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .is.null : .is.numeric : |is.object : .is.ordered : .is.pairlist : .is.qr : .is.real : .is.recursive : .is.symbol : .is.table : .is.ts : .is.unsorted : .is.vector : .> is.ALL(1 + 3)is.array : .is.atomic : |is.call : .is.character : .is.complex : .is.data.frame : .is.double : |is.environment : .is.expression : .is.factor : .is.finite : |is.function : .is.infinite : .is.integer : .is.language : .is.list : .is.logical : .is.matrix : .is.mts : .is.na : .is.name : .is.nan : .is.null : .is.numeric : |is.object : .is.ordered : .is.pairlist : .is.qr : .is.real : |is.recursive : .is.symbol : .is.table : .is.ts : .is.unsorted : .is.vector : |> e13 <- expression(1 + 3)> is.ALL(e13)is.array : .is.atomic : .is.call : .is.character : .is.complex : .is.data.frame : .is.double : .is.environment : .is.expression : |is.factor : .is.finite : .is.function : .is.infinite : .is.integer : .is.language : |is.list : .is.logical : .is.matrix : .is.mts : .is.na : .is.name : .is.nan : .is.null : .is.numeric : .is.object : .is.ordered : .is.pairlist : .is.qr : .is.real : .is.recursive : |is.symbol : .is.table : .is.ts : .is.unsorted : NAis.vector : |> is.ALL(substitute(expression(a + 3), list(a = 1)),true.only = TRUE)[1] "is.call" "is.language" "is.recursive"> is.ALL(y ~ x)is.array : .is.atomic : .is.call : |is.character : .is.complex : .is.data.frame : .is.double : .is.environment : .is.expression : .is.factor : .is.finite : NAis.function : .is.infinite : . . .is.integer : .is.language : |is.list : .is.logical : .is.matrix : .is.mts : .is.na : NAis.name : .is.nan : . . .is.null : .is.numeric : .is.object : |is.ordered : .is.pairlist : .is.qr : .is.real : .is.recursive : |is.symbol : .is.table : .is.ts : .is.unsorted : NAis.vector : .> is0 <- is.ALL(numeric(0))> is0.ok <- 1 == (lis0 <- sapply(is0, length))> is0[!is0.ok]$is.finitelogical(0)$is.infinitelogical(0)$is.nalogical(0)$is.nanlogical(0)> is0 <- unlist(is0)> is0is.array is.atomic is.call is.character is.complexFALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSEis.data.frame is.double is.environment is.expression is.factorFALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSEis.function is.integer is.language is.list is.logicalFALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSEis.matrix is.mts is.name is.null is.numericFALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUEis.object is.ordered is.pairlist is.qr is.realFALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUEis.recursive is.symbol is.table is.ts is.unsortedFALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSEis.vectorTRUE> ispi <- unlist(is.ALL(pi))> all(ispi[is0.ok] == is0)[1] TRUE> is.ALL(numeric(0), true = TRUE)[1] "is.atomic" "is.double" "is.numeric" "is.real" "is.vector"> is.ALL(array(1, 1:3), true = TRUE)[1] "is.array" "is.atomic" "is.double" "is.numeric" "is.real"> is.ALL(cbind(1:3), true = TRUE)[1] "is.array" "is.atomic" "is.integer" "is.matrix" "is.numeric"> is.ALL(structure(1:7, names = paste("a", 1:7, sep = "")))is.array : .is.atomic : |is.call : .is.character : .is.complex : .is.data.frame : .is.double : .is.environment : .is.expression : .is.factor : .is.finite : | | | | | | |is.function : .is.infinite : . . . . . . .is.integer : |is.language : .is.list : .is.logical : .is.matrix : .is.mts : .is.na : . . . . . . .is.name : .is.nan : . . . . . . .is.null : .is.numeric : |is.object : .is.ordered : .is.pairlist : .is.qr : .is.real : .is.recursive : .is.symbol : .is.table : .is.ts : .is.unsorted : .is.vector : |> is.ALL(structure(1:7, names = paste("a", 1:7, sep = "")),true.only = TRUE)[1] "is.atomic" "is.integer" "is.numeric" "is.vector"> x <- 1:20> y <- 5 + 6 * x + rnorm(20)> lm.xy <- lm(y ~ x)> is.ALL(lm.xy)is.array : .is.atomic : .is.call : .is.character : .is.complex : .is.data.frame : .is.double : .is.environment : .is.expression : .is.factor : .is.finite : . . . . . . . . . . . .is.function : .is.infinite : . . . . . . . . . . . .is.integer : .is.language : .is.list : |is.logical : .is.matrix : .is.mts : .is.na : . . . . . . . . . . . .is.name : .is.nan : . . . . . . . . . . . .is.null : .is.numeric : .is.object : |is.ordered : .is.pairlist : .is.qr : .is.real : .is.recursive : |is.symbol : .is.table : .is.ts : .is.unsorted : NAis.vector : .> is.ALL(structure(1:7, names = paste("a", 1:7, sep = "")))is.array : .is.atomic : |is.call : .is.character : .is.complex : .is.data.frame : .is.double : .is.environment : .is.expression : .is.factor : .is.finite : | | | | | | |is.function : .is.infinite : . . . . . . .is.integer : |is.language : .is.list : .is.logical : .is.matrix : .is.mts : .is.na : . . . . . . .is.name : .is.nan : . . . . . . .is.null : .is.numeric : |is.object : .is.ordered : .is.pairlist : .is.qr : .is.real : .is.recursive : .is.symbol : .is.table : .is.ts : .is.unsorted : .is.vector : |> is.ALL(structure(1:7, names = paste("a", 1:7, sep = "")),true.only = TRUE)[1] "is.atomic" "is.integer" "is.numeric" "is.vector"demo(persp)---- ~~~~~> is.dev.interactive <- eval(body(dev.interactive)[[3]])> op <- par(ask = is.dev.interactive)> x <- seq(-10, 10, length = 50)> y <- x> rotsinc <- function(x, y) {sinc <- function(x) {y <- sin(x)/xy[is.na(y)] <- 1y}10 * sinc(sqrt(x^2 + y^2))}> sinc.exp <- expression(z == Sinc(sqrt(x^2 + y^2)))> z <- outer(x, y, rotsinc)> par(bg = "white")> persp(x, y, z, theta = 30, phi = 30, expand = 0.5,col = "lightblue")> title(sub = ".")> title(main = sinc.exp)> persp(x, y, z, theta = 30, phi = 30, expand = 0.5,col = "lightblue", ltheta = 120, shade = 0.75, ticktype = "detailed",xlab = "X", ylab = "Y", zlab = "Z")> title(sub = ".")> title(main = sinc.exp)> data(volcano)> z <- 2 * volcano> x <- 10 * (1:nrow(z))> y <- 10 * (1:ncol(z))> persp(x, y, z, theta = 120, phi = 15, scale = FALSE,axes = FALSE)> z0 <- min(z) - 20> z <- rbind(z0, cbind(z0, z, z0), z0)> x <- c(min(x) - 1e-10, x, max(x) + 1e-10)> y <- c(min(y) - 1e-10, y, max(y) + 1e-10)> fill <- matrix("green3", nr = nrow(z) - 1, nc = ncol(z) -1)> fill[, i2 <- c(1, ncol(fill))] <- "gray"> fill[i1 <- c(1, nrow(fill)), ] <- "gray"> par(bg = "lightblue")> persp(x, y, z, theta = 120, phi = 15, col = fill,scale = FALSE, axes = FALSE)> title(main = "Maunga Whau\nOne of 50 Volcanoes in the Auckland Region.",font.main = 4)> par(bg = "slategray")> persp(x, y, z, theta = 135, phi = 30, col = fill,scale = FALSE, ltheta = -120, lphi = 15, shade = 0.65, axes = FALSE)> persp(x, y, z, theta = 135, phi = 30, col = "green3",scale = FALSE, ltheta = -120, shade = 0.75, border = NA,box = FALSE)> fcol <- fill> fcol[] <- terrain.colors(nrow(fcol))> persp(x, y, z, theta = 135, phi = 30, col = fcol,scale = FALSE, ltheta = -120, shade = 0.3, border = NA, box = FALSE)> fcol <- fill> zi <- volcano[-1, -1] + volcano[-1, -61] + volcano[-87,-1] + volcano[-87, -61]> fcol[-i1, -i2] <- terrain.colors(20)[cut(zi, quantile(zi,seq(0, 1, len = 21)), include.lowest = TRUE)]> persp(x, y, 2 * z, theta = 110, phi = 40, col = fcol,scale = FALSE, ltheta = -120, shade = 0.4, border = NA, box = FALSE)> par(op)demo(recursion)---- ~~~~~~~~~> area <- function(f, a, b, ..., fa = f(a, ...), fb = f(b,...), limit = 10, eps = 1e-05) {h <- b - ad <- (a + b)/2fd <- f(d, ...)a1 <- ((fa + fb) * h)/2a2 <- ((fa + 4 * fd + fb) * h)/6if (abs(a1 - a2) < eps).... [TRUNCATED]> fbeta <- function(x, alpha, beta) {x^(alpha - 1) * (1 - x)^(beta - 1)}> b0 <- area(fbeta, 0, 1, alpha = 3.5, beta = 1.5)> b1 <- exp(lgamma(3.5) + lgamma(1.5) - lgamma(5))> c(b0, b1, b0 - b1)[1] 1.227170e-01 1.227185e-01 -1.443996e-06> fbeta.tmp <- function(x, alpha, beta) {val <<- c(val, x)x^(alpha - 1) * (1 - x)^(beta - 1)}> val <- NULL> b0 <- area(fbeta.tmp, 0, 1, alpha = 3.5, beta = 1.5)> plot(val, fbeta(val, 3.5, 1.5), pch = 0)> area <- function(f, a, b, ..., limit = 10, eps = 1e-05) {area2 <- function(f, a, b, ..., fa = f(a, ...), fb = f(b,...), limit = limit, eps = eps) {h <- b - ad <- (a + b)/2fd <- f(d, ...)a1 <- ((fa + .... [TRUNCATED]demo(scoping)---- ~~~~~~~> open.account <- function(total) {list(deposit = function(amount) {if (amount <= 0) stop("Deposits must be positive!\n")total <<- total + amountcat(amount, "deposited. Your balance is", total, "\n\n")}, withdraw = .... [TRUNCATED]> ross <- open.account(100)> robert <- open.account(200)> ross$withdraw(30)30 withdrawn. Your balance is 70> ross$balance()Your balance is 70> robert$balance()Your balance is 200> ross$deposit(50)50 deposited. Your balance is 120> ross$balance()Your balance is 120> try(ross$withdraw(500))Error in ross$withdraw(500) : You don't have that much money!In addition: Warning messages:1: is.nan() applied to non-(list or vector) in: fn(obj)2: is.nan() applied to non-(list or vector) in: fn(obj)3: is.na() applied to non-(list or vector) in: fn(obj)4: is.nan() applied to non-(list or vector) in: fn(obj)5: is.nan() applied to non-(list or vector) in: fn(obj)6: is.nan() applied to non-(list or vector) in: fn(obj)demo(smooth)---- ~~~~~~> op <- par(ask = interactive(), mfrow = c(1, 1))> example(smooth)smooth> x1 <- c(4, 1, 3, 6, 6, 4, 1, 6, 2, 4, 2)smooth> (x3R <- smooth(x1, "3R"))3R Tukey smoother resulting from smooth(x = x1, kind = "3R")used 2 iterations[1] 3 3 3 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 2smooth> smooth(x3R, kind = "S")S Tukey smoother resulting from smooth(x = x3R, kind = "S")changed[1] 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 2 2 2smooth> sm.3RS <- function(x, ...) smooth(smooth(x, "3R",...), "S", ...)smooth> y <- c(1, 1, 19:1)smooth> plot(y, main = "misbehaviour of \"3RSR\"", col.main = 3)smooth> lines(sm.3RS(y))smooth> lines(smooth(y))smooth> lines(smooth(y, "3RSR"), col = 3, lwd = 2)smooth> x <- c(8:10, 10, 0, 0, 9, 9)smooth> plot(x, main = "breakdown of 3R and S and hence 3RSS")smooth> matlines(cbind(smooth(x, "3R"), smooth(x, "S"), smooth(x,"3RSS"), smooth(x)))smooth> data(presidents)smooth> presidents[is.na(presidents)] <- 0smooth> summary(sm3 <- smooth(presidents, "3R"))3R Tukey smoother resulting fromsmooth(x = presidents, kind = "3R") ; n = 120used 4 iterationsMin. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.0.0 44.0 57.0 54.2 71.0 82.0smooth> summary(sm2 <- smooth(presidents, "3RSS"))3RSS Tukey smoother resulting fromsmooth(x = presidents, kind = "3RSS") ; n = 120used 5 iterationsMin. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.0.00 44.00 57.00 55.45 69.00 82.00smooth> summary(sm <- smooth(presidents))3RS3R Tukey smoother resulting fromsmooth(x = presidents) ; n = 120used 7 iterationsMin. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.24.00 44.00 57.00 55.88 69.00 82.00smooth> all.equal(c(sm2), c(smooth(smooth(sm3, "S"), "S")))[1] TRUEsmooth> all.equal(c(sm), c(smooth(smooth(sm3, "S"), "3R")))[1] TRUEsmooth> plot(presidents, main = "smooth(presidents0, *) : 3R and default 3RS3R")smooth> lines(sm3, col = 3, lwd = 1.5)smooth> lines(sm, col = 2, lwd = 1.25)> showSmooth <- function(x, leg.x = 1, leg.y = max(x)) {ss <- cbind(x, "3c" = smooth(x, "3", end = "copy"), "3" = smooth(x,"3"), "3Rc" = smooth(x, "3R", end = "copy"), "3R" = smooth(x,"3R"), sm = smooth(x))k <- ncol(ss) - .... [TRUNCATED]> for (x in list(c(4, 6, 2, 2, 6, 3, 6, 6, 5, 2), c(3,2, 1, 4, 5, 1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 2), c(2, 4, 2, 6, 1, 1, 2, 6,3, 1, 6), x1, )) print(t(showSmooth(x)))[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10]x 4 6 2 2 6 3 6 6 5 23c 4 4 2 2 3 6 6 6 5 23 4 4 2 2 3 6 6 6 5 33Rc 4 4 2 2 3 6 6 6 5 23R 4 4 2 2 3 6 6 6 5 3sm 4 4 4 3 3 6 6 6 5 3[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10] [,11]x 3 2 1 4 5 1 3 2 4 5 23c 3 2 2 4 4 3 2 3 4 4 23 2 2 2 4 4 3 2 3 4 4 43Rc 3 2 2 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 23R 2 2 2 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4sm 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10] [,11]x 2 4 2 6 1 1 2 6 3 1 63c 2 2 4 2 1 1 2 3 3 3 63 2 2 4 2 1 1 2 3 3 3 33Rc 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 3 3 3 63R 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 3 3 3 3sm 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10] [,11]x 4 1 3 6 6 4 1 6 2 4 23c 4 3 3 6 6 4 4 2 4 2 23 3 3 3 6 6 4 4 2 4 2 23Rc 4 3 3 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 23R 3 3 3 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 2sm 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 2 2 2> par(op)>> cat("Time elapsed: ", proc.time() - .ptime, "\n")Time elapsed: 2.73 0.12 2.91 0 0>