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\name{start}\title{Encode the Terminal Times of Time Series}\usage{start(x, ...)end(x, ...)}\alias{start}\alias{end}\alias{start.default}\alias{end.default}\arguments{\item{x}{a univariate or multivariate time-series, or a vector or matrix.}\item{\dots}{extra arguments for future methods.}}\description{Extract and encode the times the first and last observations weretaken. Provided only for compatibility with S version 2.}\details{These are generic functions, which will use the\code{\link{tsp}} attribute of \code{x} if it exists.Their default methods decode the start time from the original timeunits, so that for a monthly series \code{1995.5} is representedas \code{c(1995, 7)}. For a series of frequency \code{f}, time\code{n+i/f} is presented as \code{c(n, i+1)} (even for \code{i = 0}and \code{f = 1}).}\section{Warning}{The representation used by \code{start} and \code{end} has nomeaning unless the frequency is supplied.}\seealso{\code{\link{ts}}, \code{\link{time}}, \code{\link{tsp}}.}\keyword{ts}