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/*
 *  R : A Computer Language for Statistical Data Analysis
 *  Copyright (C) 1995--2020  The R Core Team.
 *
 *  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 *  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 *  (at your option) any later version.
 *
 *  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 *  GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 *  along with this program; if not, a copy is available at
 *  https://www.R-project.org/Licenses/
 */

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include <config.h>
#endif

#define R_USE_SIGNALS 1
#include <Defn.h>
#include <Internal.h>
/* -> Errormsg.h */
#include <Startup.h> /* rather cleanup ..*/
#include <Rconnections.h>
#include <Rinterface.h>
#include <R_ext/GraphicsEngine.h> /* for GEonExit */
#include <Rmath.h> /* for imax2 */
#include <R_ext/Print.h>
#include <stdarg.h>

/* eval() sets R_Visible = TRUE. Thas may not be wanted when eval() is
   used in C code. This is a version that saves/restores R_Visible.
   This should probably be moved to eval.c, be make public, and used
   in  more places. LT */
static SEXP evalKeepVis(SEXP e, SEXP rho)
{
    int oldvis = R_Visible;
    SEXP val = eval(e, rho);
    R_Visible = oldvis;
    return val;
}

#ifndef min
#define min(a, b) (a<b?a:b)
#endif

/* Total line length, in chars, before splitting in warnings/errors */
#define LONGWARN 75

/*
Different values of inError are used to indicate different places
in the error handling.
*/
static int inError = 0;
static int inWarning = 0;
static int inPrintWarnings = 0;
static int immediateWarning = 0;
static int noBreakWarning = 0;

static void try_jump_to_restart(void);
// The next is crucial to the use of NORET attributes.
static void NORET
jump_to_top_ex(Rboolean, Rboolean, Rboolean, Rboolean, Rboolean);
static void signalInterrupt(void);
static char * R_ConciseTraceback(SEXP call, int skip);

/* Interface / Calling Hierarchy :

  R__stop()   -> do_error ->   errorcall --> (eventually) jump_to_top_ex
             /
            error

  R__warning()-> do_warning   -> warningcall -> if(warn >= 2) errorcall
                 /
            warning /

  ErrorMessage()-> errorcall   (but with message from ErrorDB[])

  WarningMessage()-> warningcall (but with message from WarningDB[]).
*/

void NORET R_SignalCStackOverflow(intptr_t usage)
{
    /* We do need some stack space to process error recovery, so
       temporarily raise the limit.  We have 5% head room because we
       reduced R_CStackLimit to 95% of the initial value in
       setup_Rmainloop.
    */
    if (R_OldCStackLimit == 0) {
    R_OldCStackLimit = R_CStackLimit;
    R_CStackLimit = (uintptr_t) (R_CStackLimit / 0.95);
    }

    errorcall(R_NilValue, "C stack usage  %ld is too close to the limit",
          usage);
    /* Do not translate this, to save stack space */
}

void (R_CheckStack)(void)
{
    int dummy;
    intptr_t usage = R_CStackDir * (R_CStackStart - (uintptr_t)&dummy);

    /* printf("usage %ld\n", usage); */
    if(R_CStackLimit != -1 && usage > ((intptr_t) R_CStackLimit))
    R_SignalCStackOverflow(usage);
}

void R_CheckStack2(size_t extra)
{
    int dummy;
    intptr_t usage = R_CStackDir * (R_CStackStart - (uintptr_t)&dummy);

    /* do it this way, as some compilers do usage + extra
       in unsigned arithmetic */
    usage += extra;
    if(R_CStackLimit != -1 && usage > ((intptr_t) R_CStackLimit))
    R_SignalCStackOverflow(usage);

}

void R_CheckUserInterrupt(void)
{
    R_CheckStack();

    /* Don't do any processing of interrupts, timing limits, or other
       asynchronous events if interrupts are suspended. */
    if (R_interrupts_suspended) return;

    /* This is the point where GUI systems need to do enough event
       processing to determine whether there is a user interrupt event
       pending.  Need to be careful not to do too much event
       processing though: if event handlers written in R are allowed
       to run at this point then we end up with concurrent R
       evaluations and that can cause problems until we have proper
       concurrency support. LT */

    R_ProcessEvents(); /* Also processes timing limits */
    if (R_interrupts_pending) onintr();
}

static SEXP getInterruptCondition();

static void onintrEx(Rboolean resumeOK)
{
    if (R_interrupts_suspended) {
    R_interrupts_pending = 1;
    return;
    }
    else R_interrupts_pending = 0;

    if (resumeOK) {
    SEXP rho = R_GlobalContext->cloenv;
    int dbflag = RDEBUG(rho);
    RCNTXT restartcontext;
    begincontext(&restartcontext, CTXT_RESTART, R_NilValue, R_GlobalEnv,
             R_BaseEnv, R_NilValue, R_NilValue);
    if (SETJMP(restartcontext.cjmpbuf)) {
        SET_RDEBUG(rho, dbflag); /* in case browser() has messed with it */
        R_ReturnedValue = R_NilValue;
        R_Visible = FALSE;
        endcontext(&restartcontext);
        return;
    }
    R_InsertRestartHandlers(&restartcontext, "resume");
    signalInterrupt();
    endcontext(&restartcontext);
    }
    else signalInterrupt();

    /* Interrupts do not inherit from error, so we should not run the
       user erro handler. But we have been, so as a transition,
       continue to use options('error') if options('interrupt') is not
       set */
    Rboolean tryUserError = GetOption1(install("interrupt")) == R_NilValue;

    REprintf("\n");
    /* Attempt to save a traceback, show warnings, and reset console;
       also stop at restart (try/browser) frames.  Not clear this is
       what we really want, but this preserves current behavior */
    jump_to_top_ex(TRUE, tryUserError, TRUE, TRUE, FALSE);
}

void onintr()  { onintrEx(TRUE); }
void onintrNoResume() { onintrEx(FALSE); }

/* SIGUSR1: save and quit
   SIGUSR2: save and quit, don't run .Last or on.exit().

   These do far more processing than is allowed in a signal handler ....
*/

RETSIGTYPE attribute_hidden onsigusr1(int dummy)
{
    if (R_interrupts_suspended) {
    /**** ought to save signal and handle after suspend */
    REprintf(_("interrupts suspended; signal ignored"));
    signal(SIGUSR1, onsigusr1);
    return;
    }

    inError = 1;

    if(R_CollectWarnings) PrintWarnings();

    R_ResetConsole();
    R_FlushConsole();
    R_ClearerrConsole();
    R_ParseError = 0;
    R_ParseErrorFile = NULL;
    R_ParseErrorMsg[0] = '\0';

    /* Bail out if there is a browser/try on the stack--do we really
       want this?  No, as from R 2.4.0
    try_jump_to_restart(); */

    /* Run all onexit/cend code on the stack (without stopping at
       intervening CTXT_TOPLEVEL's.  Since intervening CTXT_TOPLEVEL's
       get used by what are conceptually concurrent computations, this
       is a bit like telling all active threads to terminate and clean
       up on the way out. */
    R_run_onexits(NULL);

    R_CleanUp(SA_SAVE, 2, 1); /* quit, save,  .Last, status=2 */
}


RETSIGTYPE attribute_hidden onsigusr2(int dummy)
{
    inError = 1;

    if (R_interrupts_suspended) {
    /**** ought to save signal and handle after suspend */
    REprintf(_("interrupts suspended; signal ignored"));
    signal(SIGUSR2, onsigusr2);
    return;
    }

    if(R_CollectWarnings) PrintWarnings();

    R_ResetConsole();
    R_FlushConsole();
    R_ClearerrConsole();
    R_ParseError = 0;
    R_ParseErrorFile = NULL;
    R_ParseErrorMsg[0] = '\0';
    R_CleanUp(SA_SAVE, 0, 0);
}


static void setupwarnings(void)
{
    R_Warnings = allocVector(VECSXP, R_nwarnings);
    setAttrib(R_Warnings, R_NamesSymbol, allocVector(STRSXP, R_nwarnings));
}

/* Rvsnprintf: like vsnprintf, but guaranteed to null-terminate and not to
   split multi-byte characters */
#ifdef Win32
int trio_vsnprintf(char *buffer, size_t bufferSize, const char *format,
           va_list args);

static int Rvsnprintf(char *buf, size_t size, const char  *format, va_list ap)
{
    int val;
    val = trio_vsnprintf(buf, size, format, ap);
    buf[size-1] = '\0';
    if (val >= size)
    mbcsTruncateToValid(buf);
    return val;
}
#else
static int Rvsnprintf(char *buf, size_t size, const char  *format, va_list ap)
{
    int val;
    val = vsnprintf(buf, size, format, ap);
    buf[size-1] = '\0';
    if (val >= size)
    mbcsTruncateToValid(buf);
    return val;
}
#endif

/* Rsnprintf: like snprintf, but guaranteed to null-terminate and not to
   split multi-byte characters */
static int Rsnprintf(char *str, size_t size, const char *format, ...)
{
    int val;
    va_list ap;

    va_start(ap, format);
    val = Rvsnprintf(str, size, format, ap);
    va_end(ap);

    return val;
}

/* Rstrncat: like strncat, but guaranteed not to split multi-byte characters */
static char *Rstrncat(char *dest, const char *src, size_t n)
{
    size_t after;
    size_t before = strlen(dest);

    strncat(dest, src, n);

    after = strlen(dest);
    if (after - before == n)
    /* the string may have been truncated, but we cannot know for sure
       because str may not be null terminated */
    mbcsTruncateToValid(dest + before);

    return dest;
}

/* Rstrncat: like strncpy, but guaranteed to null-terminate and not to
   split multi-byte characters */
static char *Rstrncpy(char *dest, const char *src, size_t n)
{
    strncpy(dest, src, n);
    if (dest[n-1] != '\0') {
    dest[n-1] = '\0';
    mbcsTruncateToValid(dest);
    }
    return dest;
}

#define BUFSIZE 8192
static R_INLINE void RprintTrunc(char *buf, int truncated)
{
    if(R_WarnLength < BUFSIZE - 20 &&
      (truncated || strlen(buf) == R_WarnLength)) {

    strcat(buf, " ");
    strcat(buf, _("[... truncated]"));
    }
}

static SEXP getCurrentCall()
{
    RCNTXT *c = R_GlobalContext;

    /* This can be called before R_GlobalContext is defined, so... */
    /* If profiling is on, this can be a CTXT_BUILTIN */

    if (c && (c->callflag & CTXT_BUILTIN)) c = c->nextcontext;
    if (c == R_GlobalContext && R_BCIntActive)
    return R_getBCInterpreterExpression();
    else
    return c ? c->call : R_NilValue;
}

void warning(const char *format, ...)
{
    char buf[BUFSIZE], *p;

    va_list(ap);
    va_start(ap, format);
    size_t psize;
    int pval;

    psize = min(BUFSIZE, R_WarnLength+1);
    pval = Rvsnprintf(buf, psize, format, ap);
    va_end(ap);
    p = buf + strlen(buf) - 1;
    if(strlen(buf) > 0 && *p == '\n') *p = '\0';
    RprintTrunc(buf, pval >= psize);
    warningcall(getCurrentCall(), "%s", buf);
}

/* declarations for internal condition handling */

static void vsignalError(SEXP call, const char *format, va_list ap);
static void vsignalWarning(SEXP call, const char *format, va_list ap);
static void NORET invokeRestart(SEXP, SEXP);

static void reset_inWarning(void *data)
{
    inWarning = 0;
}

#include <rlocale.h>

static int wd(const char * buf)
{
    int nc = (int) mbstowcs(NULL, buf, 0), nw;
    if(nc > 0 && nc < 2000) {
    wchar_t wc[2000];
    mbstowcs(wc, buf, nc + 1);
    nw = Ri18n_wcswidth(wc, 2147483647);
    return (nw < 1) ? nc : nw;
    }
    return nc;
}

static void vwarningcall_dflt(SEXP call, const char *format, va_list ap)
{
    int w;
    SEXP names, s;
    const char *dcall;
    char buf[BUFSIZE];
    RCNTXT *cptr;
    RCNTXT cntxt;
    size_t psize;
    int pval;

    if (inWarning)
    return;

    s = GetOption1(install("warning.expression"));
    if( s != R_NilValue ) {
    if( !isLanguage(s) &&  ! isExpression(s) )
        error(_("invalid option \"warning.expression\""));
    cptr = R_GlobalContext;
    while ( !(cptr->callflag & CTXT_FUNCTION) && cptr->callflag )
        cptr = cptr->nextcontext;
    evalKeepVis(s, cptr->cloenv);
    return;
    }

    w = asInteger(GetOption1(install("warn")));

    if( w == NA_INTEGER ) /* set to a sensible value */
    w = 0;

    if( w <= 0 && immediateWarning ) w = 1;

    if( w < 0 || inWarning || inError) /* ignore if w<0 or already in here*/
    return;

    /* set up a context which will restore inWarning if there is an exit */
    begincontext(&cntxt, CTXT_CCODE, R_NilValue, R_BaseEnv, R_BaseEnv,
         R_NilValue, R_NilValue);
    cntxt.cend = &reset_inWarning;

    inWarning = 1;

    if(w >= 2) { /* make it an error */
    psize = min(BUFSIZE, R_WarnLength+1);
    pval = Rvsnprintf(buf, psize, format, ap);
    RprintTrunc(buf, pval >= psize);
    inWarning = 0; /* PR#1570 */
    errorcall(call, _("(converted from warning) %s"), buf);
    }
    else if(w == 1) {   /* print as they happen */
    char *tr;
    if( call != R_NilValue ) {
        dcall = CHAR(STRING_ELT(deparse1s(call), 0));
    } else dcall = "";
    psize = min(BUFSIZE, R_WarnLength+1);
    pval = Rvsnprintf(buf, psize, format, ap);
    RprintTrunc(buf, pval >= psize);

    if(dcall[0] == '\0') REprintf(_("Warning:"));
    else {
        REprintf(_("Warning in %s :"), dcall);
        if(!(noBreakWarning ||
         ( mbcslocale && 18 + wd(dcall) + wd(buf) <= LONGWARN) ||
         (!mbcslocale && 18 + strlen(dcall) + strlen(buf) <= LONGWARN)))
        REprintf("\n ");
    }
    REprintf(" %s\n", buf);
    if(R_ShowWarnCalls && call != R_NilValue) {
        tr = R_ConciseTraceback(call, 0);
        if (strlen(tr)) {REprintf(_("Calls:")); REprintf(" %s\n", tr);}
    }
    }
    else if(w == 0) {   /* collect them */
    if(!R_CollectWarnings) setupwarnings();
    if(R_CollectWarnings < R_nwarnings) {
        SET_VECTOR_ELT(R_Warnings, R_CollectWarnings, call);
        psize = min(BUFSIZE, R_WarnLength+1);
        pval = Rvsnprintf(buf, psize, format, ap);
        RprintTrunc(buf, pval >= psize);
        if(R_ShowWarnCalls && call != R_NilValue) {
        char *tr =  R_ConciseTraceback(call, 0);
        size_t nc = strlen(tr);
        if (nc && nc + (int)strlen(buf) + 8 < BUFSIZE) {
            strcat(buf, "\n");
            strcat(buf, _("Calls:"));
            strcat(buf, " ");
            strcat(buf, tr);
        }
        }
        names = CAR(ATTRIB(R_Warnings));
        SET_STRING_ELT(names, R_CollectWarnings++, mkChar(buf));
    }
    }
    /* else:  w <= -1 */
    endcontext(&cntxt);
    inWarning = 0;
}

static void warningcall_dflt(SEXP call, const char *format,...)
{
    va_list(ap);

    va_start(ap, format);
    vwarningcall_dflt(call, format, ap);
    va_end(ap);
}

void warningcall(SEXP call, const char *format, ...)
{
    va_list(ap);
    va_start(ap, format);
    vsignalWarning(call, format, ap);
    va_end(ap);
}

void warningcall_immediate(SEXP call, const char *format, ...)
{
    va_list(ap);

    immediateWarning = 1;
    va_start(ap, format);
    vsignalWarning(call, format, ap);
    va_end(ap);
    immediateWarning = 0;
}

static void cleanup_PrintWarnings(void *data)
{
    if (R_CollectWarnings) {
    R_CollectWarnings = 0;
    R_Warnings = R_NilValue;
    REprintf(_("Lost warning messages\n"));
    }
    inPrintWarnings = 0;
}

attribute_hidden
void PrintWarnings(void)
{
    int i;
    char *header;
    SEXP names, s, t;
    RCNTXT cntxt;

    if (R_CollectWarnings == 0)
    return;
    else if (inPrintWarnings) {
    if (R_CollectWarnings) {
        R_CollectWarnings = 0;
        R_Warnings = R_NilValue;
        REprintf(_("Lost warning messages\n"));
    }
    return;
    }

    /* set up a context which will restore inPrintWarnings if there is
       an exit */
    begincontext(&cntxt, CTXT_CCODE, R_NilValue, R_BaseEnv, R_BaseEnv,
         R_NilValue, R_NilValue);
    cntxt.cend = &cleanup_PrintWarnings;

    inPrintWarnings = 1;
    header = ngettext("Warning message:", "Warning messages:",
              R_CollectWarnings);
    if( R_CollectWarnings == 1 ) {
    REprintf("%s\n", header);
    names = CAR(ATTRIB(R_Warnings));
    if( VECTOR_ELT(R_Warnings, 0) == R_NilValue )
        REprintf("%s \n", CHAR(STRING_ELT(names, 0)));
    else {
        const char *dcall, *msg = CHAR(STRING_ELT(names, 0));
        dcall = CHAR(STRING_ELT(deparse1s(VECTOR_ELT(R_Warnings, 0)), 0));
        REprintf(_("In %s :"), dcall);
        if (mbcslocale) {
        int msgline1;
        char *p = strchr(msg, '\n');
        if (p) {
            *p = '\0';
            msgline1 = wd(msg);
            *p = '\n';
        } else msgline1 = wd(msg);
        if (6 + wd(dcall) + msgline1 > LONGWARN) REprintf("\n ");
        } else {
        size_t msgline1 = strlen(msg);
        char *p = strchr(msg, '\n');
        if (p) msgline1 = (int)(p - msg);
        if (6 + strlen(dcall) + msgline1 > LONGWARN) REprintf("\n ");
        }
        REprintf(" %s\n", msg);
    }
    } else if( R_CollectWarnings <= 10 ) {
    REprintf("%s\n", header);
    names = CAR(ATTRIB(R_Warnings));
    for(i = 0; i < R_CollectWarnings; i++) {
        if( VECTOR_ELT(R_Warnings, i) == R_NilValue ) {
        REprintf("%d: %s \n", i+1, CHAR(STRING_ELT(names, i)));
        } else {
        const char *dcall, *msg = CHAR(STRING_ELT(names, i));
        dcall = CHAR(STRING_ELT(deparse1s(VECTOR_ELT(R_Warnings, i)), 0));
        REprintf("%d: ", i + 1);
        REprintf(_("In %s :"), dcall);
        if (mbcslocale) {
            int msgline1;
            char *p = strchr(msg, '\n');
            if (p) {
            *p = '\0';
            msgline1 = wd(msg);
            *p = '\n';
            } else msgline1 = wd(msg);
            if (10 + wd(dcall) + msgline1 > LONGWARN) {
            REprintf("\n ");
            }
        } else {
            size_t msgline1 = strlen(msg);
            char *p = strchr(msg, '\n');
            if (p) msgline1 = (int)(p - msg);
            if (10 + strlen(dcall) + msgline1 > LONGWARN) {
            REprintf("\n ");
            }
        }
        REprintf(" %s\n", msg);
        }
    }
    } else {
    if (R_CollectWarnings < R_nwarnings)
        REprintf(ngettext("There was %d warning (use warnings() to see it)",
                  "There were %d warnings (use warnings() to see them)",
                  R_CollectWarnings),
             R_CollectWarnings);
    else
        REprintf(_("There were %d or more warnings (use warnings() to see the first %d)"),
             R_nwarnings, R_nwarnings);
    REprintf("\n");
    }
    /* now truncate and install last.warning */
    PROTECT(s = allocVector(VECSXP, R_CollectWarnings));
    PROTECT(t = allocVector(STRSXP, R_CollectWarnings));
    names = CAR(ATTRIB(R_Warnings));
    for(i = 0; i < R_CollectWarnings; i++) {
    SET_VECTOR_ELT(s, i, VECTOR_ELT(R_Warnings, i));
    SET_STRING_ELT(t, i, STRING_ELT(names, i));
    }
    setAttrib(s, R_NamesSymbol, t);
    SET_SYMVALUE(install("last.warning"), s);
    UNPROTECT(2);

    endcontext(&cntxt);

    inPrintWarnings = 0;
    R_CollectWarnings = 0;
    R_Warnings = R_NilValue;
    return;
}

/* Return a constructed source location (e.g. filename#123) from a srcref.  If the srcref
   is not valid "" will be returned.
*/

static SEXP GetSrcLoc(SEXP srcref)
{
    SEXP sep, line, result, srcfile;
    if (TYPEOF(srcref) != INTSXP || length(srcref) < 4)
    return ScalarString(mkChar(""));

    PROTECT(srcref);
    PROTECT(srcfile = R_GetSrcFilename(srcref));
    SEXP e2 = PROTECT(lang2( install("basename"), srcfile));
    PROTECT(srcfile = eval(e2, R_BaseEnv ) );
    PROTECT(sep = ScalarString(mkChar("#")));
    PROTECT(line = ScalarInteger(INTEGER(srcref)[0]));
    SEXP e = PROTECT(lang4( install("paste0"), srcfile, sep, line ));
    result = eval(e, R_BaseEnv );
    UNPROTECT(7);
    return result;
}

static char errbuf[BUFSIZE + 1]; /* add 1 to leave room for a null byte */

#define ERRBUFCAT(txt) Rstrncat(errbuf, txt, BUFSIZE - strlen(errbuf))

const char *R_curErrorBuf() {
    return (const char *)errbuf;
}

/* temporary hook to allow experimenting with alternate error mechanisms */
static void (*R_ErrorHook)(SEXP, char *) = NULL;

static void restore_inError(void *data)
{
    int *poldval = (int *) data;
    inError = *poldval;
    R_Expressions = R_Expressions_keep;
}

/* Do not check constants on error more than this number of times per one
   R process lifetime; if so many errors are generated, the performance
   overhead due to the checks would be too high, and the program is doing
   something strange anyway (i.e. running no-segfault tests). The constant
   checks in GC and session exit (or .Call) do not have such limit. */
static int allowedConstsChecks = 1000;

static void NORET
verrorcall_dflt(SEXP call, const char *format, va_list ap)
{
    if (allowedConstsChecks > 0) {
    allowedConstsChecks--;
    R_checkConstants(TRUE);
    }
    RCNTXT cntxt;
    char *p, *tr;
    int oldInError;

    if (inError) {
    /* fail-safe handler for recursive errors */
    if(inError == 3) {
         /* Can REprintf generate an error? If so we should guard for it */
        REprintf(_("Error during wrapup: "));
        /* this does NOT try to print the call since that could
           cause a cascade of error calls */
        Rvsnprintf(errbuf, sizeof(errbuf), format, ap);
        REprintf("%s\n", errbuf);
    }
    if (R_Warnings != R_NilValue) {
        R_CollectWarnings = 0;
        R_Warnings = R_NilValue;
        REprintf(_("Lost warning messages\n"));
    }
    REprintf(_("Error: no more error handlers available "
           "(recursive errors?); invoking 'abort' restart\n"));
    R_Expressions = R_Expressions_keep;
    jump_to_top_ex(FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE);
    }

    /* set up a context to restore inError value on exit */
    begincontext(&cntxt, CTXT_CCODE, R_NilValue, R_BaseEnv, R_BaseEnv,
         R_NilValue, R_NilValue);
    cntxt.cend = &restore_inError;
    cntxt.cenddata = &oldInError;
    oldInError = inError;
    inError = 1;

    if(call != R_NilValue) {
    char tmp[BUFSIZE], tmp2[BUFSIZE];
    char *head = _("Error in "), *tail = "\n  ";
    SEXP srcloc = R_NilValue; // -Wall
    size_t len = 0; // indicates if srcloc has been set
    int protected = 0, skip = NA_INTEGER;
    SEXP opt = GetOption1(install("show.error.locations"));
    if (!isNull(opt)) {
        if (TYPEOF(opt) == STRSXP && length(opt) == 1) {
        if (pmatch(ScalarString(mkChar("top")), opt, 0)) skip = 0;
        else if (pmatch(ScalarString(mkChar("bottom")), opt, 0)) skip = -1;
        } else if (TYPEOF(opt) == LGLSXP)
        skip = asLogical(opt) == 1 ? 0 : NA_INTEGER;
        else
        skip = asInteger(opt);
    }

    const char *dcall = CHAR(STRING_ELT(deparse1s(call), 0));
    Rsnprintf(tmp2, BUFSIZE,  "%s", head);
    if (skip != NA_INTEGER) {
        PROTECT(srcloc = GetSrcLoc(R_GetCurrentSrcref(skip)));
        protected++;
        len = strlen(CHAR(STRING_ELT(srcloc, 0)));
        if (len)
        Rsnprintf(tmp2, BUFSIZE,  _("Error in %s (from %s) : "),
             dcall, CHAR(STRING_ELT(srcloc, 0)));
    }

    Rvsnprintf(tmp, min(BUFSIZE, R_WarnLength) - strlen(head), format, ap);
    if (strlen(tmp2) + strlen(tail) + strlen(tmp) < BUFSIZE) {
        if(len) Rsnprintf(errbuf, BUFSIZE,
                 _("Error in %s (from %s) : "),
                 dcall, CHAR(STRING_ELT(srcloc, 0)));
        else Rsnprintf(errbuf, BUFSIZE,  _("Error in %s : "), dcall);
        if (mbcslocale) {
        int msgline1;
        char *p = strchr(tmp, '\n');
        if (p) {
            *p = '\0';
            msgline1 = wd(tmp);
            *p = '\n';
        } else msgline1 = wd(tmp);
        // gcc 8 warns here
        // 'output may be truncated copying between 0 and 8191 bytes from a string of length 8191'
        // but truncation is intentional.
        if (14 + wd(dcall) + msgline1 > LONGWARN)
            ERRBUFCAT(tail);
        } else {
        size_t msgline1 = strlen(tmp);
        char *p = strchr(tmp, '\n');
        if (p) msgline1 = (int)(p - tmp);
        if (14 + strlen(dcall) + msgline1 > LONGWARN)
            ERRBUFCAT(tail);
        }
        ERRBUFCAT(tmp);
    } else {
        Rsnprintf(errbuf, BUFSIZE, _("Error: "));
        ERRBUFCAT(tmp); // FIXME
    }
    UNPROTECT(protected);
    }
    else {
    Rsnprintf(errbuf, BUFSIZE, _("Error: "));
    p = errbuf + strlen(errbuf);
    Rvsnprintf(p, min(BUFSIZE, R_WarnLength) - strlen(errbuf), format, ap);
    }

    size_t nc = strlen(errbuf);
    if (nc == BUFSIZE - 1) {
    errbuf[BUFSIZE - 4] = '.';
    errbuf[BUFSIZE - 3] = '.';
    errbuf[BUFSIZE - 2] = '.';
    errbuf[BUFSIZE - 1] = '\n';
    }
    else {
    p = errbuf + nc - 1;
    if(*p != '\n') ERRBUFCAT("\n");
    }

    if(R_ShowErrorCalls && call != R_NilValue) {  /* assume we want to avoid deparse */
    tr = R_ConciseTraceback(call, 0);
    size_t nc = strlen(tr);
    if (nc && nc + strlen(errbuf) + 8 < BUFSIZE) {
        ERRBUFCAT(_("Calls:"));
        ERRBUFCAT(" ");
        ERRBUFCAT(tr);
        ERRBUFCAT("\n");
    }
    }
    if (R_ShowErrorMessages) REprintf("%s", errbuf);

    if( R_ShowErrorMessages && R_CollectWarnings ) {
    REprintf(_("In addition: "));
    PrintWarnings();
    }

    jump_to_top_ex(TRUE, TRUE, TRUE, TRUE, FALSE);

    /* not reached */
    endcontext(&cntxt);
    inError = oldInError;
}

static void NORET errorcall_dflt(SEXP call, const char *format,...)
{
    va_list(ap);

    va_start(ap, format);
    verrorcall_dflt(call, format, ap);
    va_end(ap);
}

void NORET errorcall(SEXP call, const char *format,...)
{
    va_list(ap);

    if (call == R_CurrentExpression)
    /* behave like error( */
    call = getCurrentCall();

    va_start(ap, format);
    vsignalError(call, format, ap);
    va_end(ap);

    if (R_ErrorHook != NULL) {
    char buf[BUFSIZE];
    void (*hook)(SEXP, char *) = R_ErrorHook;
    R_ErrorHook = NULL; /* to avoid recursion */
    va_start(ap, format);
    Rvsnprintf(buf, min(BUFSIZE, R_WarnLength), format, ap);
    va_end(ap);
    hook(call, buf);
    }

    va_start(ap, format);
    verrorcall_dflt(call, format, ap);
    va_end(ap);
}

/* Like errorcall, but copies all data for the error message into a buffer
   before doing anything else. */
attribute_hidden
void NORET errorcall_cpy(SEXP call, const char *format, ...)
{
    char buf[BUFSIZE];

    va_list(ap);
    va_start(ap, format);
    Rvsnprintf(buf, BUFSIZE, format, ap);
    va_end(ap);

    errorcall(call, "%s", buf);
}

// geterrmessage(): Return (the global) 'errbuf' as R string
SEXP attribute_hidden do_geterrmessage(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    checkArity(op, args);
    SEXP res = PROTECT(allocVector(STRSXP, 1));
    SET_STRING_ELT(res, 0, mkChar(errbuf));
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return res;
}

void error(const char *format, ...)
{
    char buf[BUFSIZE];

    va_list(ap);
    va_start(ap, format);
    Rvsnprintf(buf, min(BUFSIZE, R_WarnLength), format, ap);
    va_end(ap);
    errorcall(getCurrentCall(), "%s", buf);
}

static void try_jump_to_restart(void)
{
    SEXP list;

    for (list = R_RestartStack; list != R_NilValue; list = CDR(list)) {
    SEXP restart = CAR(list);
    if (TYPEOF(restart) == VECSXP && LENGTH(restart) > 1) {
        SEXP name = VECTOR_ELT(restart, 0);
        if (TYPEOF(name) == STRSXP && LENGTH(name) == 1) {
        const char *cname = CHAR(STRING_ELT(name, 0));
        if (! strcmp(cname, "browser") ||
            ! strcmp(cname, "tryRestart") ||
            ! strcmp(cname, "abort")) /**** move abort eventually? */
            invokeRestart(restart, R_NilValue);
        }
    }
    }
}

/* Unwind the call stack in an orderly fashion */
/* calling the code installed by on.exit along the way */
/* and finally longjmping to the innermost TOPLEVEL context */

static void jump_to_top_ex(Rboolean traceback,
               Rboolean tryUserHandler,
               Rboolean processWarnings,
               Rboolean resetConsole,
               Rboolean ignoreRestartContexts)
{
    RCNTXT cntxt;
    SEXP s;
    int haveHandler, oldInError;

    /* set up a context to restore inError value on exit */
    begincontext(&cntxt, CTXT_CCODE, R_NilValue, R_BaseEnv, R_BaseEnv,
         R_NilValue, R_NilValue);
    cntxt.cend = &restore_inError;
    cntxt.cenddata = &oldInError;

    oldInError = inError;

    haveHandler = FALSE;

    /* don't use options("error") when handling a C stack overflow */
    if (R_OldCStackLimit == 0 && tryUserHandler && inError < 3) {
    if (! inError)
        inError = 1;

    /* now see if options("error") is set */
    s = GetOption1(install("error"));
    haveHandler = ( s != R_NilValue );
    if (haveHandler) {
        if( !isLanguage(s) &&  ! isExpression(s) )  /* shouldn't happen */
        REprintf(_("invalid option \"error\"\n"));
        else {
        inError = 3;
        if (isLanguage(s))
            eval(s, R_GlobalEnv);
        else /* expression */
            {
            int i, n = LENGTH(s);
            for (i = 0 ; i < n ; i++)
                eval(VECTOR_ELT(s, i), R_GlobalEnv);
            }
        inError = oldInError;
        }
    }
    inError = oldInError;
    }

    /* print warnings if there are any left to be printed */
    if( processWarnings && R_CollectWarnings )
    PrintWarnings();

    /* reset some stuff--not sure (all) this belongs here */
    if (resetConsole) {
    R_ResetConsole();
    R_FlushConsole();
    R_ClearerrConsole();
    R_ParseError = 0;
    R_ParseErrorFile = NULL;
    R_ParseErrorMsg[0] = '\0';
    }

    /*
     * Reset graphics state
     */
    GEonExit();

    /* WARNING: If oldInError > 0 ABSOLUTELY NO ALLOCATION can be
       triggered after this point except whatever happens in writing
       the traceback.  The error could be an out of memory error and
       any allocation could result in an infinite-loop condition. All
       you can do is reset things and exit.  */

    /* jump to a browser/try if one is on the stack */
    if (! ignoreRestartContexts)
    try_jump_to_restart();
    /* at this point, i.e. if we have not exited in
       try_jump_to_restart, we are heading for R_ToplevelContext */

    /* only run traceback if we are not going to bail out of a
       non-interactive session */
    if (R_Interactive || haveHandler) {
    /* write traceback if requested, unless we're already doing it
       or there is an inconsistency between inError and oldInError
       (which should not happen) */
    if (traceback && inError < 2 && inError == oldInError) {
        inError = 2;
        PROTECT(s = R_GetTracebackOnly(0));
        SET_SYMVALUE(install(".Traceback"), s);
        /* should have been defineVar
           setVar(install(".Traceback"), s, R_GlobalEnv); */
        UNPROTECT(1);
        inError = oldInError;
    }
    }

    R_jumpctxt(R_ToplevelContext, 0, NULL);
}

void NORET jump_to_toplevel()
{
    /* no traceback, no user error option; for now, warnings are
       printed here and console is reset -- eventually these should be
       done after arriving at the jump target.  Now ignores
       try/browser frames--it really is a jump to toplevel */
    jump_to_top_ex(FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE, TRUE);
}

/* #define DEBUG_GETTEXT 1 */

/* gettext(domain, string) */
SEXP attribute_hidden do_gettext(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    checkArity(op, args);
#ifdef ENABLE_NLS
    const char *domain = "", *cfn;
    char *buf;
    SEXP ans, string = CADR(args);
    int i, n = LENGTH(string);

    checkArity(op, args);
    if(isNull(string) || !n) return string;

    if(!isString(string)) error(_("invalid '%s' value"), "string");

    if(isNull(CAR(args))) {
    RCNTXT *cptr;
    SEXP rho = R_BaseEnv;
    for (cptr = R_GlobalContext->nextcontext;
         cptr != NULL && cptr->callflag != CTXT_TOPLEVEL;
         cptr = cptr->nextcontext)
        if (cptr->callflag & CTXT_FUNCTION) {
        /* stop() etc have internal call to .makeMessage */
        cfn = CHAR(STRING_ELT(deparse1s(CAR(cptr->call)), 0));
        if(streql(cfn, "stop") || streql(cfn, "warning")
           || streql(cfn, "message")) continue;
        rho = cptr->cloenv;
        }
    while(rho != R_EmptyEnv) {
        if (rho == R_GlobalEnv) break;
        else if (R_IsNamespaceEnv(rho)) {
        domain = translateChar(STRING_ELT(R_NamespaceEnvSpec(rho), 0));
        break;
        }
        rho = CDR(rho);
    }
    if(strlen(domain)) {
        size_t len = strlen(domain)+3;
        R_CheckStack2(len);
        buf = (char *) alloca(len);
        Rsnprintf(buf, len, "R-%s", domain);
        domain = buf;
    }
    } else if(isString(CAR(args)))
    domain = translateChar(STRING_ELT(CAR(args),0));
    else if(isLogical(CAR(args)) && LENGTH(CAR(args)) == 1 && LOGICAL(CAR(args))[0] == NA_LOGICAL) ;
    else error(_("invalid '%s' value"), "domain");

    if(strlen(domain)) {
    PROTECT(ans = allocVector(STRSXP, n));
    for(i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        int ihead = 0, itail = 0;
        const char * This = translateChar(STRING_ELT(string, i));
        char *tmp, *head = NULL, *tail = NULL, *p, *tr;
        R_CheckStack2(strlen(This) + 1);
        tmp = (char *) alloca(strlen(This) + 1);
        strcpy(tmp, This);
        /* strip leading and trailing white spaces and
           add back after translation */
        for(p = tmp;
        *p && (*p == ' ' || *p == '\t' || *p == '\n');
        p++, ihead++) ;
        if(ihead > 0) {
        R_CheckStack2(ihead + 1);
        head = (char *) alloca(ihead + 1);
        Rstrncpy(head, tmp, ihead + 1);
        tmp += ihead;
        }
        if(strlen(tmp))
        for(p = tmp+strlen(tmp)-1;
            p >= tmp && (*p == ' ' || *p == '\t' || *p == '\n');
            p--, itail++) ;
        if(itail > 0) {
        R_CheckStack2(itail + 1);
        tail = (char *) alloca(itail + 1);
        strcpy(tail, tmp+strlen(tmp)-itail);
        tmp[strlen(tmp)-itail] = '\0';
        }
        if(strlen(tmp)) {
#ifdef DEBUG_GETTEXT
        REprintf("translating '%s' in domain '%s'\n", tmp, domain);
#endif
        tr = dgettext(domain, tmp);
        R_CheckStack2(strlen(tr) + ihead + itail + 1);
        tmp = (char *) alloca(strlen(tr) + ihead + itail + 1);
        tmp[0] ='\0';
        if(ihead > 0) strcat(tmp, head);
        strcat(tmp, tr);
        if(itail > 0) strcat(tmp, tail);
        SET_STRING_ELT(ans, i, mkChar(tmp));
        } else
        SET_STRING_ELT(ans, i, mkChar(This));
    }
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return ans;
    } else return CADR(args);
#else
    return CADR(args);
#endif
}

/* ngettext(n, msg1, msg2, domain) */
SEXP attribute_hidden do_ngettext(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
#ifdef ENABLE_NLS
    const char *domain = "", *cfn;;
    char *buf;
    SEXP ans, sdom = CADDDR(args);
#endif
    SEXP msg1 = CADR(args), msg2 = CADDR(args);
    int n = asInteger(CAR(args));

    checkArity(op, args);
    if(n == NA_INTEGER || n < 0) error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "n");
    if(!isString(msg1) || LENGTH(msg1) != 1)
    error(_("'%s' must be a character string"), "msg1");
    if(!isString(msg2) || LENGTH(msg2) != 1)
    error(_("'%s' must be a character string"), "msg2");

#ifdef ENABLE_NLS
    if(isNull(sdom)) {
    RCNTXT *cptr;
    SEXP rho = R_BaseEnv;
    for (cptr = R_GlobalContext->nextcontext;
         cptr != NULL && cptr->callflag != CTXT_TOPLEVEL;
         cptr = cptr->nextcontext)
        if (cptr->callflag & CTXT_FUNCTION) {
        /* stop() etc have internal call to .makeMessage */
        cfn = CHAR(STRING_ELT(deparse1s(CAR(cptr->call)), 0));
        if(streql(cfn, "stop") || streql(cfn, "warning")
           || streql(cfn, "message")) continue;
        rho = cptr->cloenv;
        }
    while(rho != R_EmptyEnv) {
        if (rho == R_GlobalEnv) break;
        else if (R_IsNamespaceEnv(rho)) {
        domain = translateChar(STRING_ELT(R_NamespaceEnvSpec(rho), 0));
        break;
        }
        rho = CDR(rho);
    }
    if(strlen(domain)) {
        size_t len = strlen(domain)+3;
        R_CheckStack2(len);
        buf = (char *) alloca(len);
        Rsnprintf(buf, len, "R-%s", domain);
        domain = buf;
    }
    } else if(isString(sdom))
    domain = CHAR(STRING_ELT(sdom,0));
    else if(isLogical(sdom) && LENGTH(sdom) == 1 && LOGICAL(sdom)[0] == NA_LOGICAL) ;
    else error(_("invalid '%s' value"), "domain");

    /* libintl seems to malfunction if given a message of "" */
    if(strlen(domain) && length(STRING_ELT(msg1, 0))) {
    char *fmt = dngettext(domain,
                  translateChar(STRING_ELT(msg1, 0)),
                  translateChar(STRING_ELT(msg2, 0)),
                  n);
    PROTECT(ans = mkString(fmt));
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return ans;
    } else
#endif
    return n == 1 ? msg1 : msg2;
}


/* bindtextdomain(domain, dirname) */
SEXP attribute_hidden do_bindtextdomain(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
#ifdef ENABLE_NLS
    char *res;

    checkArity(op, args);
    if(!isString(CAR(args)) || LENGTH(CAR(args)) != 1)
    error(_("invalid '%s' value"), "domain");
    if(isNull(CADR(args))) {
    res = bindtextdomain(translateChar(STRING_ELT(CAR(args),0)), NULL);
    } else {
    if(!isString(CADR(args)) || LENGTH(CADR(args)) != 1)
        error(_("invalid '%s' value"), "dirname");
    res = bindtextdomain(translateChar(STRING_ELT(CAR(args),0)),
                 translateChar(STRING_ELT(CADR(args),0)));
    }
    if(res) return mkString(res);
    /* else this failed */
#endif
    return R_NilValue;
}

static SEXP findCall(void)
{
    RCNTXT *cptr;
    for (cptr = R_GlobalContext->nextcontext;
     cptr != NULL && cptr->callflag != CTXT_TOPLEVEL;
     cptr = cptr->nextcontext)
    if (cptr->callflag & CTXT_FUNCTION)
        return cptr->call;
    return R_NilValue;
}

SEXP attribute_hidden NORET do_stop(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
/* error(.) : really doesn't return anything; but all do_foo() must be SEXP */
    SEXP c_call;
    checkArity(op, args);

    if(asLogical(CAR(args))) /* find context -> "Error in ..:" */
    c_call = findCall();
    else
    c_call = R_NilValue;

    args = CDR(args);

    if (CAR(args) != R_NilValue) { /* message */
      SETCAR(args, coerceVector(CAR(args), STRSXP));
      if(!isValidString(CAR(args)))
      errorcall(c_call, _(" [invalid string in stop(.)]"));
      errorcall(c_call, "%s", translateChar(STRING_ELT(CAR(args), 0)));
    }
    else
      errorcall(c_call, "");
    /* never called: */
}

SEXP attribute_hidden do_warning(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    SEXP c_call;
    checkArity(op, args);

    if(asLogical(CAR(args))) /* find context -> "... in: ..:" */
    c_call = findCall();
    else
    c_call = R_NilValue;

    args = CDR(args);
    if(asLogical(CAR(args))) { /* immediate = TRUE */
    immediateWarning = 1;
    } else
    immediateWarning = 0;
    args = CDR(args);
    if(asLogical(CAR(args))) { /* noBreak = TRUE */
    noBreakWarning = 1;
    } else
    noBreakWarning = 0;
    args = CDR(args);
    if (CAR(args) != R_NilValue) {
    SETCAR(args, coerceVector(CAR(args), STRSXP));
    if(!isValidString(CAR(args)))
        warningcall(c_call, _(" [invalid string in warning(.)]"));
    else
        warningcall(c_call, "%s", translateChar(STRING_ELT(CAR(args), 0)));
    }
    else
    warningcall(c_call, "");
    immediateWarning = 0; /* reset to internal calls */
    noBreakWarning = 0;

    return CAR(args);
}

/* Error recovery for incorrect argument count error. */
attribute_hidden
void NORET WrongArgCount(const char *s)
{
    error(_("incorrect number of arguments to \"%s\""), s);
}


void NORET UNIMPLEMENTED(const char *s)
{
    error(_("unimplemented feature in %s"), s);
}

/* ERROR_.. codes in Errormsg.h */
static struct {
    const R_ERROR code;
    const char* const format;
}
const ErrorDB[] = {
    { ERROR_NUMARGS,        N_("invalid number of arguments")   },
    { ERROR_ARGTYPE,        N_("invalid argument type")     },

    { ERROR_TSVEC_MISMATCH, N_("time-series/vector length mismatch")},
    { ERROR_INCOMPAT_ARGS,  N_("incompatible arguments")        },

    { ERROR_UNIMPLEMENTED,  N_("unimplemented feature in %s")   },
    { ERROR_UNKNOWN,        N_("unknown error (report this!)")  }
};

static struct {
    R_WARNING code;
    char* format;
}
WarningDB[] = {
    { WARNING_coerce_NA,    N_("NAs introduced by coercion")    },
    { WARNING_coerce_INACC, N_("inaccurate integer conversion in coercion")},
    { WARNING_coerce_IMAG,  N_("imaginary parts discarded in coercion") },

    { WARNING_UNKNOWN,      N_("unknown warning (report this!)")    },
};


attribute_hidden
void NORET ErrorMessage(SEXP call, int which_error, ...)
{
    int i;
    char buf[BUFSIZE];
    va_list(ap);

    i = 0;
    while(ErrorDB[i].code != ERROR_UNKNOWN) {
    if (ErrorDB[i].code == which_error)
        break;
    i++;
    }

    va_start(ap, which_error);
    Rvsnprintf(buf, BUFSIZE, _(ErrorDB[i].format), ap);
    va_end(ap);
    errorcall(call, "%s", buf);
}

attribute_hidden
void WarningMessage(SEXP call, R_WARNING which_warn, ...)
{
    int i;
    char buf[BUFSIZE];
    va_list(ap);

    i = 0;
    while(WarningDB[i].code != WARNING_UNKNOWN) {
    if (WarningDB[i].code == which_warn)
        break;
    i++;
    }

/* clang pre-3.9.0 says
      warning: passing an object that undergoes default argument promotion to
      'va_start' has undefined behavior [-Wvarargs]
*/
    va_start(ap, which_warn);
    Rvsnprintf(buf, BUFSIZE, _(WarningDB[i].format), ap);
    va_end(ap);
    warningcall(call, "%s", buf);
}

#ifdef UNUSED
/* temporary hook to allow experimenting with alternate warning mechanisms */
static void (*R_WarningHook)(SEXP, char *) = NULL;

void R_SetWarningHook(void (*hook)(SEXP, char *))
{
    R_WarningHook = hook;
}

void R_SetErrorHook(void (*hook)(SEXP, char *))
{
    R_ErrorHook = hook;
}

void R_ReturnOrRestart(SEXP val, SEXP env, Rboolean restart)
{
    int mask;
    RCNTXT *c;

    mask = CTXT_BROWSER | CTXT_FUNCTION;

    for (c = R_GlobalContext; c; c = c->nextcontext) {
    if (c->callflag & mask && c->cloenv == env)
        findcontext(mask, env, val);
    else if (restart && IS_RESTART_BIT_SET(c->callflag))
        findcontext(CTXT_RESTART, c->cloenv, R_RestartToken);
    else if (c->callflag == CTXT_TOPLEVEL)
        error(_("No function to return from, jumping to top level"));
    }
}

void NORET R_JumpToToplevel(Rboolean restart)
{
    RCNTXT *c;

    /* Find the target for the jump */
    for (c = R_GlobalContext; c != NULL; c = c->nextcontext) {
    if (restart && IS_RESTART_BIT_SET(c->callflag))
        findcontext(CTXT_RESTART, c->cloenv, R_RestartToken);
    else if (c->callflag == CTXT_TOPLEVEL)
        break;
    }
    if (c != R_ToplevelContext)
    warning(_("top level inconsistency?"));

    R_jumpctxt(R_ToplevelContext, CTXT_TOPLEVEL, NULL);
}
#endif

static void R_SetErrmessage(const char *s)
{
    Rstrncpy(errbuf, s, sizeof(errbuf) - 1);
}

static void R_PrintDeferredWarnings(void)
{
    if( R_ShowErrorMessages && R_CollectWarnings ) {
    REprintf(_("In addition: "));
    PrintWarnings();
    }
}
/*
 * Return the traceback without deparsing the calls
 */
attribute_hidden
SEXP R_GetTracebackOnly(int skip)
{
    int nback = 0, ns;
    RCNTXT *c;
    SEXP s, t;

    for (c = R_GlobalContext, ns = skip;
     c != NULL && c->callflag != CTXT_TOPLEVEL;
     c = c->nextcontext)
    if (c->callflag & (CTXT_FUNCTION | CTXT_BUILTIN) ) {
        if (ns > 0)
        ns--;
        else
        nback++;
    }

    PROTECT(s = allocList(nback));
    t = s;
    for (c = R_GlobalContext ;
     c != NULL && c->callflag != CTXT_TOPLEVEL;
     c = c->nextcontext)
    if (c->callflag & (CTXT_FUNCTION | CTXT_BUILTIN) ) {
        if (skip > 0)
        skip--;
        else {
        SETCAR(t, duplicate(c->call));
        if (c->srcref && !isNull(c->srcref)) {
            SEXP sref;
            if (c->srcref == R_InBCInterpreter)
            sref = R_findBCInterpreterSrcref(c);
            else
            sref = c->srcref;
            setAttrib(CAR(t), R_SrcrefSymbol, duplicate(sref));
        }
        t = CDR(t);
        }
    }
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return s;
}
/*
 * Return the traceback with calls deparsed
 */
attribute_hidden
SEXP R_GetTraceback(int skip)
{
    int nback = 0;
    SEXP s, t, u, v;
    s = PROTECT(R_GetTracebackOnly(skip));
    for(t = s; t != R_NilValue; t = CDR(t)) nback++;
    u = v = PROTECT(allocList(nback));

    for(t = s; t != R_NilValue; t = CDR(t), v=CDR(v)) {
        SETCAR(v, PROTECT(deparse1m(CAR(t), 0, DEFAULTDEPARSE)));
        UNPROTECT(1);
    }
    UNPROTECT(2);
    return u;
}

SEXP attribute_hidden do_traceback(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    int skip;

    checkArity(op, args);
    skip = asInteger(CAR(args));

    if (skip == NA_INTEGER || skip < 0 )
    error(_("invalid '%s' value"), "skip");

    return R_GetTraceback(skip);
}

static char * R_ConciseTraceback(SEXP call, int skip)
{
    static char buf[560];
    RCNTXT *c;
    size_t nl;
    int ncalls = 0;
    Rboolean too_many = FALSE;
    const char *top = "" /* -Wall */;

    buf[0] = '\0';
    for (c = R_GlobalContext;
     c != NULL && c->callflag != CTXT_TOPLEVEL;
     c = c->nextcontext)
    if (c->callflag & (CTXT_FUNCTION | CTXT_BUILTIN) ) {
        if (skip > 0)
        skip--;
        else {
        SEXP fun = CAR(c->call);
        const char *this = (TYPEOF(fun) == SYMSXP) ?
            CHAR(PRINTNAME(fun)) : "<Anonymous>";
        if(streql(this, "stop") ||
           streql(this, "warning") ||
           streql(this, "suppressWarnings") ||
           streql(this, ".signalSimpleWarning")) {
            buf[0] =  '\0'; ncalls = 0; too_many = FALSE;
        } else {
            ncalls++;
            if(too_many) {
            top = this;
            } else if(strlen(buf) > R_NShowCalls) {
            memmove(buf+4, buf, strlen(buf)+1);
            memcpy(buf, "... ", 4);
            too_many = TRUE;
            top = this;
            } else if(strlen(buf)) {
            nl = strlen(this);
            memmove(buf+nl+4, buf, strlen(buf)+1);
            memcpy(buf, this, strlen(this));
            memcpy(buf+nl, " -> ", 4);
            } else
            memcpy(buf, this, strlen(this)+1);
        }
        }
    }
    if(too_many && (nl = strlen(top)) < 50) {
    memmove(buf+nl+1, buf, strlen(buf)+1);
    memcpy(buf, top, strlen(top));
    memcpy(buf+nl, " ", 1);
    }
    /* don't add Calls if it adds no extra information */
    /* However: do we want to include the call in the list if it is a
       primitive? */
    if (ncalls == 1 && TYPEOF(call) == LANGSXP) {
    SEXP fun = CAR(call);
    const char *this = (TYPEOF(fun) == SYMSXP) ?
        CHAR(PRINTNAME(fun)) : "<Anonymous>";
    if(streql(buf, this)) return "";
    }
    return buf;
}



static SEXP mkHandlerEntry(SEXP klass, SEXP parentenv, SEXP handler, SEXP rho,
               SEXP result, int calling)
{
    SEXP entry = allocVector(VECSXP, 5);
    SET_VECTOR_ELT(entry, 0, klass);
    SET_VECTOR_ELT(entry, 1, parentenv);
    SET_VECTOR_ELT(entry, 2, handler);
    SET_VECTOR_ELT(entry, 3, rho);
    SET_VECTOR_ELT(entry, 4, result);
    SETLEVELS(entry, calling);
    return entry;
}

/**** rename these??*/
#define IS_CALLING_ENTRY(e) LEVELS(e)
#define ENTRY_CLASS(e) VECTOR_ELT(e, 0)
#define ENTRY_CALLING_ENVIR(e) VECTOR_ELT(e, 1)
#define ENTRY_HANDLER(e) VECTOR_ELT(e, 2)
#define ENTRY_TARGET_ENVIR(e) VECTOR_ELT(e, 3)
#define ENTRY_RETURN_RESULT(e) VECTOR_ELT(e, 4)

#define RESULT_SIZE 4

static SEXP R_HandlerResultToken = NULL;

void attribute_hidden R_FixupExitingHandlerResult(SEXP result)
{
    /* The internal error handling mechanism stores the error message
       in 'errbuf'.  If an on.exit() action is processed while jumping
       to an exiting handler for such an error, then endcontext()
       calls R_FixupExitingHandlerResult to save the error message
       currently in the buffer before processing the on.exit
       action. This is in case an error occurs in the on.exit action
       that over-writes the buffer. The allocation should occur in a
       more favorable stack context than before the jump. The
       R_HandlerResultToken is used to make sure the result being
       modified is associated with jumping to an exiting handler. */
    if (result != NULL &&
    TYPEOF(result) == VECSXP &&
    XLENGTH(result) == RESULT_SIZE &&
    VECTOR_ELT(result, 0) == R_NilValue &&
    VECTOR_ELT(result, RESULT_SIZE - 1) == R_HandlerResultToken) {
    SET_VECTOR_ELT(result, 0, mkString(errbuf));
    }
}

SEXP attribute_hidden do_addCondHands(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    SEXP classes, handlers, parentenv, target, oldstack, newstack, result;
    int calling, i, n;
    PROTECT_INDEX osi;

    if (R_HandlerResultToken == NULL) {
    R_HandlerResultToken = allocVector(VECSXP, 1);
    R_PreserveObject(R_HandlerResultToken);
    }

    checkArity(op, args);

    classes = CAR(args); args = CDR(args);
    handlers = CAR(args); args = CDR(args);
    parentenv = CAR(args); args = CDR(args);
    target = CAR(args); args = CDR(args);
    calling = asLogical(CAR(args));

    if (classes == R_NilValue || handlers == R_NilValue)
    return R_HandlerStack;

    if (TYPEOF(classes) != STRSXP || TYPEOF(handlers) != VECSXP ||
    LENGTH(classes) != LENGTH(handlers))
    error(_("bad handler data"));

    n = LENGTH(handlers);
    oldstack = R_HandlerStack;

    PROTECT(result = allocVector(VECSXP, RESULT_SIZE));
    SET_VECTOR_ELT(result, RESULT_SIZE - 1, R_HandlerResultToken);
    PROTECT_WITH_INDEX(newstack = oldstack, &osi);

    for (i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
    SEXP klass = STRING_ELT(classes, i);
    SEXP handler = VECTOR_ELT(handlers, i);
    SEXP entry = mkHandlerEntry(klass, parentenv, handler, target, result,
                    calling);
    REPROTECT(newstack = CONS(entry, newstack), osi);
    }

    R_HandlerStack = newstack;
    UNPROTECT(2);

    return oldstack;
}

SEXP attribute_hidden do_resetCondHands(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    checkArity(op, args);
    R_HandlerStack = CAR(args);
    return R_NilValue;
}

static SEXP findSimpleErrorHandler(void)
{
    SEXP list;
    for (list = R_HandlerStack; list != R_NilValue; list = CDR(list)) {
    SEXP entry = CAR(list);
    if (! strcmp(CHAR(ENTRY_CLASS(entry)), "simpleError") ||
        ! strcmp(CHAR(ENTRY_CLASS(entry)), "error") ||
        ! strcmp(CHAR(ENTRY_CLASS(entry)), "condition"))
        return list;
    }
    return R_NilValue;
}

static void vsignalWarning(SEXP call, const char *format, va_list ap)
{
    char buf[BUFSIZE];
    SEXP hooksym, hcall, qcall, qfun;

    hooksym = install(".signalSimpleWarning");
    if (SYMVALUE(hooksym) != R_UnboundValue &&
    SYMVALUE(R_QuoteSymbol) != R_UnboundValue) {
    qfun = lang3(R_DoubleColonSymbol, R_BaseSymbol, R_QuoteSymbol);
    PROTECT(qfun);
    PROTECT(qcall = LCONS(qfun, LCONS(call, R_NilValue)));
    PROTECT(hcall = LCONS(qcall, R_NilValue));
    Rvsnprintf(buf, BUFSIZE - 1, format, ap);
    hcall = LCONS(mkString(buf), hcall);
    PROTECT(hcall = LCONS(hooksym, hcall));
    evalKeepVis(hcall, R_GlobalEnv);
    UNPROTECT(4);
    }
    else vwarningcall_dflt(call, format, ap);
}

static void NORET gotoExitingHandler(SEXP cond, SEXP call, SEXP entry)
{
    SEXP rho = ENTRY_TARGET_ENVIR(entry);
    SEXP result = ENTRY_RETURN_RESULT(entry);
    SET_VECTOR_ELT(result, 0, cond);
    SET_VECTOR_ELT(result, 1, call);
    SET_VECTOR_ELT(result, 2, ENTRY_HANDLER(entry));
    findcontext(CTXT_FUNCTION, rho, result);
}

static void vsignalError(SEXP call, const char *format, va_list ap)
{
    char localbuf[BUFSIZE];
    SEXP list, oldstack;

    PROTECT(oldstack = R_HandlerStack);
    Rvsnprintf(localbuf, BUFSIZE - 1, format, ap);
    while ((list = findSimpleErrorHandler()) != R_NilValue) {
    char *buf = errbuf;
    SEXP entry = CAR(list);
    R_HandlerStack = CDR(list);
    Rstrncpy(buf, localbuf, BUFSIZE);
    /*  Rvsnprintf(buf, BUFSIZE - 1, format, ap);*/
    if (IS_CALLING_ENTRY(entry)) {
        if (ENTRY_HANDLER(entry) == R_RestartToken) {
        UNPROTECT(1); /* oldstack */
        return; /* go to default error handling; do not reset stack */
        } else {
        /* if we are in the process of handling a C stack
           overflow, treat all calling handlers as failed */
        if (R_OldCStackLimit)
            break;
        SEXP hooksym, hcall, qcall, qfun;
        /* protect oldstack here, not outside loop, so handler
           stack gets unwound in case error is protect stack
           overflow */
        PROTECT(oldstack);
        hooksym = install(".handleSimpleError");
        qfun = lang3(R_DoubleColonSymbol, R_BaseSymbol,
                     R_QuoteSymbol);
        PROTECT(qfun);
        PROTECT(qcall = LCONS(qfun,
                      LCONS(call, R_NilValue)));
        PROTECT(hcall = LCONS(qcall, R_NilValue));
        hcall = LCONS(mkString(buf), hcall);
        hcall = LCONS(ENTRY_HANDLER(entry), hcall);
        PROTECT(hcall = LCONS(hooksym, hcall));
        eval(hcall, R_GlobalEnv);
        UNPROTECT(5);
        }
    }
    else gotoExitingHandler(R_NilValue, call, entry);
    }
    R_HandlerStack = oldstack;
    UNPROTECT(1); /* oldstack */
}

static SEXP findConditionHandler(SEXP cond)
{
    int i;
    SEXP list;
    SEXP classes = getAttrib(cond, R_ClassSymbol);

    if (TYPEOF(classes) != STRSXP)
    return R_NilValue;

    /**** need some changes here to allow conditions to be S4 classes */
    for (list = R_HandlerStack; list != R_NilValue; list = CDR(list)) {
    SEXP entry = CAR(list);
    for (i = 0; i < LENGTH(classes); i++)
        if (! strcmp(CHAR(ENTRY_CLASS(entry)),
             CHAR(STRING_ELT(classes, i))))
        return list;
    }
    return R_NilValue;
}

SEXP attribute_hidden do_signalCondition(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    SEXP list, cond, msg, ecall, oldstack;

    checkArity(op, args);

    cond = CAR(args);
    msg = CADR(args);
    ecall = CADDR(args);

    PROTECT(oldstack = R_HandlerStack);
    while ((list = findConditionHandler(cond)) != R_NilValue) {
    SEXP entry = CAR(list);
    R_HandlerStack = CDR(list);
    if (IS_CALLING_ENTRY(entry)) {
        SEXP h = ENTRY_HANDLER(entry);
        if (h == R_RestartToken) {
        const char *msgstr = NULL;
        if (TYPEOF(msg) == STRSXP && LENGTH(msg) > 0)
            msgstr = translateChar(STRING_ELT(msg, 0));
        else error(_("error message not a string"));
        errorcall_dflt(ecall, "%s", msgstr);
        }
        else {
        SEXP hcall = LCONS(h, LCONS(cond, R_NilValue));
        PROTECT(hcall);
        eval(hcall, R_GlobalEnv);
        UNPROTECT(1);
        }
    }
    else gotoExitingHandler(cond, ecall, entry);
    }
    R_HandlerStack = oldstack;
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return R_NilValue;
}

static SEXP findInterruptHandler(void)
{
    SEXP list;
    for (list = R_HandlerStack; list != R_NilValue; list = CDR(list)) {
    SEXP entry = CAR(list);
    if (! strcmp(CHAR(ENTRY_CLASS(entry)), "interrupt") ||
        ! strcmp(CHAR(ENTRY_CLASS(entry)), "condition"))
        return list;
    }
    return R_NilValue;
}

static SEXP getInterruptCondition(void)
{
    /**** FIXME: should probably pre-allocate this */
    SEXP cond, klass;
    PROTECT(cond = allocVector(VECSXP, 0));
    PROTECT(klass = allocVector(STRSXP, 2));
    SET_STRING_ELT(klass, 0, mkChar("interrupt"));
    SET_STRING_ELT(klass, 1, mkChar("condition"));
    classgets(cond, klass);
    UNPROTECT(2);
    return cond;
}

static void signalInterrupt(void)
{
    SEXP list, cond, oldstack;

    PROTECT(oldstack = R_HandlerStack);
    while ((list = findInterruptHandler()) != R_NilValue) {
    SEXP entry = CAR(list);
    R_HandlerStack = CDR(list);
    PROTECT(cond = getInterruptCondition());
    if (IS_CALLING_ENTRY(entry)) {
        SEXP h = ENTRY_HANDLER(entry);
        SEXP hcall = LCONS(h, LCONS(cond, R_NilValue));
        PROTECT(hcall);
        evalKeepVis(hcall, R_GlobalEnv);
        UNPROTECT(1);
    }
    else gotoExitingHandler(cond, R_NilValue, entry);
    UNPROTECT(1);
    }
    R_HandlerStack = oldstack;
    UNPROTECT(1);

    SEXP h = GetOption1(install("interrupt"));
    if (h != R_NilValue) {
    SEXP call = PROTECT(LCONS(h, R_NilValue));
    evalKeepVis(call, R_GlobalEnv);
    UNPROTECT(1);
    }
}

void attribute_hidden
R_InsertRestartHandlers(RCNTXT *cptr, const char *cname)
{
    SEXP klass, rho, entry, name;

    if ((cptr->handlerstack != R_HandlerStack ||
     cptr->restartstack != R_RestartStack)) {
    if (IS_RESTART_BIT_SET(cptr->callflag))
        return;
    else
        error(_("handler or restart stack mismatch in old restart"));
    }

    /**** need more here to keep recursive errors in browser? */
    rho = cptr->cloenv;
    PROTECT(klass = mkChar("error"));
    entry = mkHandlerEntry(klass, rho, R_RestartToken, rho, R_NilValue, TRUE);
    R_HandlerStack = CONS(entry, R_HandlerStack);
    UNPROTECT(1);
    PROTECT(name = mkString(cname));
    PROTECT(entry = allocVector(VECSXP, 2));
    SET_VECTOR_ELT(entry, 0, name);
    SET_VECTOR_ELT(entry, 1, R_MakeExternalPtr(cptr, R_NilValue, R_NilValue));
    setAttrib(entry, R_ClassSymbol, mkString("restart"));
    R_RestartStack = CONS(entry, R_RestartStack);
    UNPROTECT(2);
}

SEXP attribute_hidden do_dfltWarn(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    const char *msg;
    SEXP ecall;

    checkArity(op, args);

    if (TYPEOF(CAR(args)) != STRSXP || LENGTH(CAR(args)) != 1)
    error(_("bad error message"));
    msg = translateChar(STRING_ELT(CAR(args), 0));
    ecall = CADR(args);

    warningcall_dflt(ecall, "%s", msg);
    return R_NilValue;
}

SEXP attribute_hidden NORET do_dfltStop(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    const char *msg;
    SEXP ecall;

    checkArity(op, args);

    if (TYPEOF(CAR(args)) != STRSXP || LENGTH(CAR(args)) != 1)
    error(_("bad error message"));
    msg = translateChar(STRING_ELT(CAR(args), 0));
    ecall = CADR(args);

    errorcall_dflt(ecall, "%s", msg);
}


/*
 * Restart Handling
 */

SEXP attribute_hidden do_getRestart(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    int i;
    SEXP list;
    checkArity(op, args);
    i = asInteger(CAR(args));
    for (list = R_RestartStack;
     list != R_NilValue && i > 1;
     list = CDR(list), i--);
    if (list != R_NilValue)
    return CAR(list);
    else if (i == 1) {
    /**** need to pre-allocate */
    SEXP name, entry;
    PROTECT(name = mkString("abort"));
    PROTECT(entry = allocVector(VECSXP, 2));
    SET_VECTOR_ELT(entry, 0, name);
    SET_VECTOR_ELT(entry, 1, R_NilValue);
    setAttrib(entry, R_ClassSymbol, mkString("restart"));
    UNPROTECT(2);
    return entry;
    }
    else return R_NilValue;
}

/* very minimal error checking --just enough to avoid a segfault */
#define CHECK_RESTART(r) do { \
    SEXP __r__ = (r); \
    if (TYPEOF(__r__) != VECSXP || LENGTH(__r__) < 2) \
    error(_("bad restart")); \
} while (0)

SEXP attribute_hidden do_addRestart(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    checkArity(op, args);
    CHECK_RESTART(CAR(args));
    R_RestartStack = CONS(CAR(args), R_RestartStack);
    return R_NilValue;
}

#define RESTART_EXIT(r) VECTOR_ELT(r, 1)

static void NORET invokeRestart(SEXP r, SEXP arglist)
{
    SEXP exit = RESTART_EXIT(r);

    if (exit == R_NilValue) {
    R_RestartStack = R_NilValue;
    jump_to_toplevel();
    }
    else {
    for (; R_RestartStack != R_NilValue;
         R_RestartStack = CDR(R_RestartStack))
        if (exit == RESTART_EXIT(CAR(R_RestartStack))) {
        R_RestartStack = CDR(R_RestartStack);
        if (TYPEOF(exit) == EXTPTRSXP) {
            RCNTXT *c = (RCNTXT *) R_ExternalPtrAddr(exit);
            R_JumpToContext(c, CTXT_RESTART, R_RestartToken);
        }
        else findcontext(CTXT_FUNCTION, exit, arglist);
        }
    error(_("restart not on stack"));
    }
}

SEXP attribute_hidden NORET do_invokeRestart(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    checkArity(op, args);
    CHECK_RESTART(CAR(args));
    invokeRestart(CAR(args), CADR(args));
}

SEXP attribute_hidden do_addTryHandlers(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    checkArity(op, args);
    if (R_GlobalContext == R_ToplevelContext ||
    ! (R_GlobalContext->callflag & CTXT_FUNCTION))
    error(_("not in a try context"));
    SET_RESTART_BIT_ON(R_GlobalContext->callflag);
    R_InsertRestartHandlers(R_GlobalContext, "tryRestart");
    return R_NilValue;
}

SEXP attribute_hidden do_seterrmessage(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    SEXP msg;

    checkArity(op, args);
    msg = CAR(args);
    if(!isString(msg) || LENGTH(msg) != 1)
    error(_("error message must be a character string"));
    R_SetErrmessage(CHAR(STRING_ELT(msg, 0)));
    return R_NilValue;
}

SEXP attribute_hidden
do_printDeferredWarnings(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    checkArity(op, args);
    R_PrintDeferredWarnings();
    return R_NilValue;
}

SEXP attribute_hidden
do_interruptsSuspended(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    int orig_value = R_interrupts_suspended;
    if (args != R_NilValue)
    R_interrupts_suspended = asLogical(CAR(args));
    return ScalarLogical(orig_value);
}

void attribute_hidden
R_BadValueInRCode(SEXP value, SEXP call, SEXP rho, const char *rawmsg,
                  const char *errmsg, const char *warnmsg,
                  const char *varname, Rboolean warnByDefault)
{
    /* disable GC so that use of this temporary checking code does not
       introduce new PROTECT errors e.g. in asLogical() use */
    R_CHECK_THREAD;
    int enabled = R_GCEnabled;
    R_GCEnabled = FALSE;
    int nprotect = 0;
    char *check = getenv(varname);
    const void *vmax = vmaxget();
    Rboolean err = check && StringTrue(check);
    if (!err && check && StringFalse(check))
    check = NULL; /* disabled */
    Rboolean abort = FALSE; /* R_Suicide/abort */
    Rboolean verbose = FALSE;
    Rboolean warn = FALSE;
    const char *pkgname = 0;
    if (!err && check) {
    const char *pprefix = "package:";
    const char *aprefix = "abort";
    const char *vprefix = "verbose";
    const char *wprefix = "warn";
    const char *cpname = "_R_CHECK_PACKAGE_NAME_";
    size_t lpprefix = strlen(pprefix);
    size_t laprefix = strlen(aprefix);
    size_t lvprefix = strlen(vprefix);
    size_t lwprefix = strlen(wprefix);
    size_t lcpname = strlen(cpname);
    Rboolean ignore = FALSE;

    SEXP spkg = R_NilValue;
    for(; rho != R_EmptyEnv; rho = ENCLOS(rho))
        if (R_IsPackageEnv(rho)) {
        PROTECT(spkg = R_PackageEnvName(rho));
        nprotect++;
        break;
        } else if (R_IsNamespaceEnv(rho)) {
        PROTECT(spkg = R_NamespaceEnvSpec(rho));
        nprotect++;
        break;
        }
    if (spkg != R_NilValue)
        pkgname = translateChar(STRING_ELT(spkg, 0));

    while (check[0] != '\0') {
        if (!strncmp(pprefix, check, lpprefix)) {
        /* check starts with "package:" */
        check += lpprefix;
        size_t arglen = 0;
        const char *sep = strchr(check, ',');
        if (sep)
            arglen = sep - check;
        else
            arglen = strlen(check);
        ignore = TRUE;
        if (pkgname) {
            if (!strncmp(check, pkgname, arglen) && strlen(pkgname) == arglen)
            ignore = FALSE;
            if (!strncmp(check, cpname, arglen) && lcpname == arglen) {
            /* package name specified in _R_CHECK_PACKAGE_NAME */
            const char *envpname = getenv(cpname);
            if (envpname && !strcmp(envpname, pkgname))
                ignore = FALSE;
            }
        }
        check += arglen;
        } else if (!strncmp(aprefix, check, laprefix)) {
        /* check starts with "abort" */
        check += laprefix;
        abort = TRUE;
        } else if (!strncmp(vprefix, check, lvprefix)) {
        /* check starts with "verbose" */
        check += lvprefix;
        verbose = TRUE;
        } else if (!strncmp(wprefix, check, lwprefix)) {
        /* check starts with "warn" */
        check += lwprefix;
        warn = TRUE;
        } else if (check[0] == ',') {
        check++;
        } else
        error("invalid value of %s", varname);
    }
    if (ignore) {
        abort = FALSE; /* err is FALSE */
        verbose = FALSE;
        warn = FALSE;
    } else if (!abort && !warn)
        err = TRUE;
    }
    if (verbose) {
    int oldout = R_OutputCon;
    R_OutputCon = 2;
    int olderr = R_ErrorCon;
    R_ErrorCon = 2;
    REprintf(" ----------- FAILURE REPORT -------------- \n");
    REprintf(" --- failure: %s ---\n", rawmsg);
    REprintf(" --- srcref --- \n");
    SrcrefPrompt("", R_getCurrentSrcref());
    REprintf("\n");
    if (pkgname) {
        REprintf(" --- package (from environment) --- \n");
        REprintf("%s\n", pkgname);
    }
    REprintf(" --- call from context --- \n");
    PrintValue(R_GlobalContext->call);
    REprintf(" --- call from argument --- \n");
    PrintValue(call);
    REprintf(" --- R stacktrace ---\n");
    printwhere();
    REprintf(" --- value of length: %d type: %s ---\n",
         length(value), type2char(TYPEOF(value)));
    PrintValue(value);
    REprintf(" --- function from context --- \n");
    if (R_GlobalContext->callfun != NULL &&
        TYPEOF(R_GlobalContext->callfun) == CLOSXP)
        PrintValue(R_GlobalContext->callfun);
    REprintf(" --- function search by body ---\n");
    if (R_GlobalContext->callfun != NULL &&
        TYPEOF(R_GlobalContext->callfun) == CLOSXP)
        findFunctionForBody(R_ClosureExpr(R_GlobalContext->callfun));
    REprintf(" ----------- END OF FAILURE REPORT -------------- \n");
    R_OutputCon = oldout;
    R_ErrorCon = olderr;
    }
    if (abort)
    R_Suicide(rawmsg);
    else if (err)
    errorcall(call, errmsg);
    else if (warn || warnByDefault)
    warningcall(call, warnmsg);
    vmaxset(vmax);
    UNPROTECT(nprotect);
    R_GCEnabled = enabled;
}


/* These functions are to be used in error messages, and available for others to use in the API
   GetCurrentSrcref returns the first non-NULL srcref after skipping skip of them.  If it
   doesn't find one it returns NULL. */

SEXP
R_GetCurrentSrcref(int skip)
{
    RCNTXT *c = R_GlobalContext;
    SEXP srcref = R_Srcref;
    if (skip < 0) { /* to count up from the bottom, we need to count them all first */
    while (c) {
        if (srcref && srcref != R_NilValue)
        skip++;
        srcref = c->srcref;
        c = c->nextcontext;
    };
    if (skip < 0) return R_NilValue; /* not enough there */
    c = R_GlobalContext;
    srcref = R_Srcref;
    }
    while (c && (skip || !srcref || srcref == R_NilValue)) {
    if (srcref && srcref != R_NilValue)
        skip--;
    srcref = c->srcref;
    c = c->nextcontext;
    }
    if (skip || !srcref)
    srcref = R_NilValue;
    return srcref;
}

/* Return the filename corresponding to a srcref, or "" if none is found */

SEXP
R_GetSrcFilename(SEXP srcref)
{
    SEXP srcfile = getAttrib(srcref, R_SrcfileSymbol);
    if (TYPEOF(srcfile) != ENVSXP)
    return ScalarString(mkChar(""));
    srcfile = findVar(install("filename"), srcfile);
    if (TYPEOF(srcfile) != STRSXP)
    return ScalarString(mkChar(""));
    return srcfile;
}


/*
 * C level tryCatch support
 */

/* There are two functions:

       R_TryCatchError    handles error conditions;

       R_TryCatch         can handle any condition type and allows a
                          finalize action.
*/

SEXP R_tryCatchError(SEXP (*body)(void *), void *bdata,
             SEXP (*handler)(SEXP, void *), void *hdata)
{
    SEXP val;
    SEXP cond = Rf_mkString("error");

    PROTECT(cond);
    val = R_tryCatch(body, bdata, cond, handler, hdata, NULL, NULL);
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return val;
}

/* This implementation uses R's tryCatch via calls from C to R to
   invoke R's tryCatch, and then back to C to infoke the C
   body/handler functions via a .Internal helper. This makes the
   implementation fairly simple but not fast. If performance becomes
   an issue we can look into a pure C implementation. LT */

typedef struct {
    SEXP (*body)(void *);
    void *bdata;
    SEXP (*handler)(SEXP, void *);
    void *hdata;
    void (*finally)(void *);
    void *fdata;
    int suspended;
} tryCatchData_t;

static SEXP default_tryCatch_handler(SEXP cond, void *data)
{
    return R_NilValue;
}

static void default_tryCatch_finally(void *data) { }

static SEXP trycatch_callback = NULL;
static const char* trycatch_callback_source =
    "function(addr, classes, fin) {\n"
    "    handler <- function(cond)\n"
    "        .Internal(C_tryCatchHelper(addr, 1L, cond))\n"
    "    handlers <- rep_len(alist(handler), length(classes))\n"
    "    names(handlers) <- classes\n"
    "    if (fin)\n"
    "        handlers <- c(handlers,\n"
    "            alist(finally = .Internal(C_tryCatchHelper(addr, 2L))))\n"
    "    args <- c(alist(.Internal(C_tryCatchHelper(addr, 0L))), handlers)\n"
    "    do.call('tryCatch', args)\n"
    "}";

SEXP R_tryCatch(SEXP (*body)(void *), void *bdata,
        SEXP conds,
        SEXP (*handler)(SEXP, void *), void *hdata,
        void (*finally)(void *), void *fdata)
{
    if (body == NULL) error("must supply a body function");

    if (trycatch_callback == NULL) {
    trycatch_callback = R_ParseEvalString(trycatch_callback_source,
                          R_BaseNamespace);
    R_PreserveObject(trycatch_callback);
    }

    tryCatchData_t tcd = {
    .body = body,
    .bdata = bdata,
    .handler = handler != NULL ? handler : default_tryCatch_handler,
    .hdata = hdata,
    .finally = finally != NULL ? finally : default_tryCatch_finally,
    .fdata = fdata,
    .suspended = R_interrupts_suspended
    };

    /* Interrupts are suspended while in the infrastructure R code and
       enabled, if they were on entry to R_tryCatch, while calling the
       body function in do_tryCatchHelper */

    R_interrupts_suspended = TRUE;

    if (conds == NULL) conds = allocVector(STRSXP, 0);
    PROTECT(conds);
    SEXP fin = finally != NULL ? R_TrueValue : R_FalseValue;
    SEXP tcdptr = R_MakeExternalPtr(&tcd, R_NilValue, R_NilValue);
    SEXP expr = lang4(trycatch_callback, tcdptr, conds, fin);
    PROTECT(expr);
    SEXP val = evalKeepVis(expr, R_GlobalEnv);
    UNPROTECT(2); /* conds, expr */
    R_interrupts_suspended = tcd.suspended;
    return val;
}

SEXP do_tryCatchHelper(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    SEXP eptr = CAR(args);
    SEXP sw = CADR(args);
    SEXP cond = CADDR(args);

    if (TYPEOF(eptr) != EXTPTRSXP)
    error("not an external pointer");

    tryCatchData_t *ptcd = R_ExternalPtrAddr(CAR(args));

    switch (asInteger(sw)) {
    case 0:
    if (ptcd->suspended)
        /* Interrupts were suspended for the call to R_TryCatch,
           so leave them that way */
        return ptcd->body(ptcd->bdata);
    else {
        /* Interrupts were not suspended for the call to
           R_TryCatch, but were suspended for the call through
           R. So enable them for the body and suspend again on the
           way out. */
        R_interrupts_suspended = FALSE;
        SEXP val = ptcd->body(ptcd->bdata);
        R_interrupts_suspended = TRUE;
        return val;
    }
    case 1:
    if (ptcd->handler != NULL)
        return ptcd->handler(cond, ptcd->hdata);
    else return R_NilValue;
    case 2:
    if (ptcd->finally != NULL)
        ptcd->finally(ptcd->fdata);
    return R_NilValue;
    default: return R_NilValue; /* should not happen */
    }
}


/* R_withCallingErrorHandler establishes a calling handler for
   conditions inheriting from class 'error'. The handler is
   established without calling back into the R implementation. This
   should therefore be much more efficient than the current R_tryCatch
   implementation. */

SEXP R_withCallingErrorHandler(SEXP (*body)(void *), void *bdata,
                   SEXP (*handler)(SEXP, void *), void *hdata)
{
    /* This defines the lambda expression for th handler. The `addr`
       variable wil be defined in the closure environment and contain
       an external pointer to the callback data. */
    static const char* wceh_callback_source =
    "function(cond) .Internal(C_tryCatchHelper(addr, 1L, cond))";

    static SEXP wceh_callback = NULL;
    static SEXP wceh_class = NULL;
    static SEXP addr_sym = NULL;

    if (body == NULL) error("must supply a body function");

    if (wceh_callback == NULL) {
    wceh_callback = R_ParseEvalString(wceh_callback_source,
                      R_BaseNamespace);
    R_PreserveObject(wceh_callback);
    wceh_class = mkChar("error");
    R_PreserveObject(wceh_class);
    addr_sym = install("addr");
    }

    /* record the C-level handler information */
    tryCatchData_t tcd = {
    .handler = handler != NULL ? handler : default_tryCatch_handler,
    .hdata = hdata
    };
    SEXP tcdptr = R_MakeExternalPtr(&tcd, R_NilValue, R_NilValue);

    /* create the R handler function closure */
    SEXP env = CONS(tcdptr, R_NilValue);
    SET_TAG(env, addr_sym);
    env = NewEnvironment(R_NilValue, env, R_BaseNamespace);
    PROTECT(env);
    SEXP h = duplicate(wceh_callback);
    SET_CLOENV(h, env);
    UNPROTECT(1); /* env */

    /* push the handler on the handler stack */
    SEXP oldstack = R_HandlerStack;
    PROTECT(oldstack);
    PROTECT(h);
    SEXP entry = mkHandlerEntry(wceh_class, R_GlobalEnv, h, R_NilValue,
                R_NilValue, /* OK for a calling handler */
                TRUE);
    R_HandlerStack = CONS(entry, R_HandlerStack);
    UNPROTECT(1); /* h */

    SEXP val = body(bdata);

    /* restore the handler stack */
    R_HandlerStack = oldstack;
    UNPROTECT(1); /* oldstack */

    return val;
}

SEXP attribute_hidden do_addGlobHands(SEXP call, SEXP op,SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    SEXP oldstk = R_ToplevelContext->handlerstack;

    R_HandlerStack = R_NilValue;
    do_addCondHands(call, op, args, rho);

    /* This is needed to handle intermediate contexts that would
       restore the handler stack to the value when begincontext was
       called. This function should only be called in a context where
       there are no handlers on the stack. */
#ifdef DODO
    for (RCNTXT *cptr = R_GlobalContext;
     cptr != R_ToplevelContext;
     cptr = cptr->nextcontext)
    if (cptr->handlerstack == R_NilValue)
        cptr->handlerstack = R_HandlerStack;
#endif
    for (RCNTXT *cptr = R_GlobalContext;
     cptr != R_ToplevelContext;
     cptr = cptr->nextcontext)
    if (cptr->handlerstack == oldstk)
        cptr->handlerstack = R_HandlerStack;
    else error("should not be called with handlers on the stack");

    R_ToplevelContext->handlerstack = R_HandlerStack;
    return R_NilValue;
}