The R Project SVN R

/*
 *  R : A Computer Language for Statistical Data Analysis
 *  Copyright (C) 1995, 1996  Robert Gentleman and Ross Ihaka
 *  Copyright (C) 1997--2008  Robert Gentleman, Ross Ihaka and the
 *                R Development Core Team
 *
 *  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 *  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 *  (at your option) any later version.
 *
 *  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 *  GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 *  along with this program; if not, a copy is available at
 *  http://www.r-project.org/Licenses/
 *
 *
 *  IMPLEMENTATION NOTES:
 *
 *  Deparsing, has 3 layers.  The user interface, do_deparse, should
 *  not be called from an internal function, the actual deparsing needs
 *  to be done twice, once to count things up and a second time to put
 *  them into the string vector for return.  Printing this to a file
 *  is handled by the calling routine.
 *
 *
 *  INDENTATION:
 *
 *  Indentation is carried out in the routine printtab2buff at the
 *  botton of this file.  It seems like this should be settable via
 *  options.
 *
 *
 *  GLOBAL VARIABLES:
 *
 *  linenumber:  counts the number of lines that have been written,
 *       this is used to setup storage for deparsing.
 *
 *  len:     counts the length of the current line, it will be
 *       used to determine when to break lines.
 *
 *  incurly:     keeps track of whether we are inside a curly or not,
 *       this affects the printing of if-then-else.
 *
 *  inlist:  keeps track of whether we are inside a list or not,
 *       this affects the printing of if-then-else.
 *
 *  startline:   indicator TRUE=start of a line (so we can tab out to
 *       the correct place).
 *
 *  indent:  how many tabs should be written at the start of
 *       a line.
 *
 *  buff:    contains the current string, we attempt to break
 *       lines at cutoff, but can unlimited length.
 *
 *  lbreak:  often used to indicate whether a line has been
 *       broken, this makes sure that that indenting behaves
 *       itself.
 */

/*
* The code here used to use static variables to share values
* across the different routines. These have now been collected
* into a struct named  LocalParseData and this is explicitly
* passed between the different routines. This avoids the needs
* for the global variables and allows multiple evaluators, potentially
* in different threads, to work on their own independent copies
* that are local to their call stacks. This avoids any issues
* with interrupts, etc. not restoring values.

* The previous issue with the global "cutoff" variable is now implemented
* by creating a deparse1WithCutoff() routine which takes the cutoff from
* the caller and passes this to the different routines as a member of the
* LocalParseData struct. Access to the deparse1() routine remains unaltered.
* This is exactly as Ross had suggested ...
*
* One possible fix is to restructure the code with another function which
* takes a cutoff value as a parameter.   Then "do_deparse" and "deparse1"
* could each call this deeper function with the appropriate argument.
* I wonder why I didn't just do this? -- it would have been quicker than
* writing this note.  I guess it needs a bit more thought ...
*/

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include <config.h>
#endif

#include <Defn.h>
#include <Print.h>
#include <Fileio.h>

#define BUFSIZE 512

#define MIN_Cutoff 20
#define DEFAULT_Cutoff 60
#define MAX_Cutoff (BUFSIZE - 12)
/* ----- MAX_Cutoff  <  BUFSIZE !! */

#include "RBufferUtils.h"

typedef R_StringBuffer DeparseBuffer;

typedef struct {
    int linenumber;
    int len;
    int incurly;
    int inlist;
    Rboolean startline; /* = TRUE; */
    int indent;
    SEXP strvec;

    DeparseBuffer buffer;

    int cutoff;
    int backtick;
    int opts;
    int sourceable;
    int longstring;
    int maxlines;
    Rboolean active;
    int isS4;
} LocalParseData;

static SEXP deparse1WithCutoff(SEXP call, Rboolean abbrev, int cutoff,
                   Rboolean backtick, int opts, int nlines);
static void args2buff(SEXP, int, int, LocalParseData *);
static void deparse2buff(SEXP, LocalParseData *);
static void print2buff(const char *, LocalParseData *);
static void printtab2buff(int, LocalParseData *);
static void writeline(LocalParseData *);
static void vector2buff(SEXP, LocalParseData *);
static Rboolean src2buff(SEXP, int, LocalParseData *);
static void vec2buff(SEXP, LocalParseData *);
static void linebreak(Rboolean *lbreak, LocalParseData *);
static void deparse2(SEXP, SEXP, LocalParseData *);

SEXP attribute_hidden do_deparse(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    SEXP ca1;
    int  cut0, backtick, opts, nlines;

    checkArity(op, args);

    if(length(args) < 1) error(_("too few arguments"));

    ca1 = CAR(args); args = CDR(args);
    cut0 = DEFAULT_Cutoff;
    if(!isNull(CAR(args))) {
    cut0 = asInteger(CAR(args));
    if(cut0 == NA_INTEGER|| cut0 < MIN_Cutoff || cut0 > MAX_Cutoff) {
        warning(_("invalid 'cutoff' for deparse, using default"));
        cut0 = DEFAULT_Cutoff;
    }
    }
    args = CDR(args);
    backtick = 0;
    if(!isNull(CAR(args)))
    backtick = asLogical(CAR(args));
    args = CDR(args);
    opts = SHOWATTRIBUTES;
    if(!isNull(CAR(args)))
    opts = asInteger(CAR(args));
    args = CDR(args);
    nlines = asInteger(CAR(args));
    if (nlines == NA_INTEGER) nlines = -1;
    ca1 = deparse1WithCutoff(ca1, 0, cut0, backtick, opts, nlines);
    return ca1;
}

SEXP deparse1(SEXP call, Rboolean abbrev, int opts)
{
    Rboolean backtick = TRUE;
    return deparse1WithCutoff(call, abbrev, DEFAULT_Cutoff, backtick,
                  opts, -1);
}

static SEXP deparse1WithCutoff(SEXP call, Rboolean abbrev, int cutoff,
                   Rboolean backtick, int opts, int nlines)
{
/* Arg. abbrev:
    If abbrev is TRUE, then the returned value
    is a STRSXP of length 1 with at most 13 characters.
    This is used for plot labelling etc.
*/
    SEXP svec;
    int savedigits;
    Rboolean need_ellipses = FALSE;
    LocalParseData localData =
        {0, 0, 0, 0, /*startline = */TRUE, 0,
         NULL,
         /*DeparseBuffer=*/{NULL, 0, BUFSIZE},
         DEFAULT_Cutoff, FALSE, 0, TRUE, FALSE, INT_MAX, TRUE, 0};
    localData.cutoff = cutoff;
    localData.backtick = backtick;
    localData.opts = opts;
    localData.strvec = R_NilValue;

    PrintDefaults(R_NilValue);/* from global options() */
    savedigits = R_print.digits;
    R_print.digits = DBL_DIG;/* MAX precision */

    svec = R_NilValue;
    if (nlines > 0) {
    localData.linenumber = localData.maxlines = nlines;
    } else {
    deparse2(call, svec, &localData);/* just to determine linenumber..*/
    localData.active = TRUE;
    if(R_BrowseLines > 0 && localData.linenumber > R_BrowseLines) {
        localData.linenumber = localData.maxlines = R_BrowseLines + 1;
        need_ellipses = TRUE;
    }
    }
    PROTECT(svec = allocVector(STRSXP, localData.linenumber));
    deparse2(call, svec, &localData);
    if (abbrev) {
    char data[14];
    strncpy(data, CHAR(STRING_ELT(svec, 0)), 10);
    data[10] = '\0';
    if (strlen(CHAR(STRING_ELT(svec, 0))) > 10) strcat(data, "...");
    svec = mkString(data);
    } else if(need_ellipses) {
    SET_STRING_ELT(svec, R_BrowseLines, mkChar("  ..."));
    }
    if(nlines > 0 && localData.linenumber < nlines)
    svec = lengthgets(svec, localData.linenumber);
    UNPROTECT(1); /* new version does not need to be protected */
    R_print.digits = savedigits;
    if ((opts & WARNINCOMPLETE) && localData.isS4)
    warning(_("deparse of an S4 object will not be source()able"));
    else if ((opts & WARNINCOMPLETE) && !localData.sourceable)
    warning(_("deparse may be incomplete"));
    if ((opts & WARNINCOMPLETE) && localData.longstring)
    warning(_("deparse may be not be source()able in R < 2.7.0"));
    /* somewhere lower down might have allocated ... */
    R_FreeStringBuffer(&(localData.buffer));
    return svec;
}

/* deparse1line uses the maximum cutoff rather than the default */
/* This is needed in terms.formula, where we must be able */
/* to deparse a term label into a single line of text so */
/* that it can be reparsed correctly */
SEXP deparse1line(SEXP call, Rboolean abbrev)
{
   SEXP temp;
   Rboolean backtick=TRUE;

   temp = deparse1WithCutoff(call, abbrev, MAX_Cutoff, backtick,
                 SIMPLEDEPARSE, 1);
   return(temp);
}

SEXP attribute_hidden deparse1s(SEXP call)
{
   SEXP temp;
   Rboolean backtick=TRUE;

   temp = deparse1WithCutoff(call, FALSE, DEFAULT_Cutoff, backtick,
                 DEFAULTDEPARSE, 1);
   return(temp);
}

#include "Rconnections.h"

SEXP attribute_hidden do_dput(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    SEXP saveenv, tval;
    int i, ifile, res;
    Rboolean wasopen, havewarned = FALSE, opts;
    Rconnection con = (Rconnection) 1; /* stdout */

    checkArity(op, args);

    tval = CAR(args);
    saveenv = R_NilValue;   /* -Wall */
    if (TYPEOF(tval) == CLOSXP) {
    PROTECT(saveenv = CLOENV(tval));
    SET_CLOENV(tval, R_GlobalEnv);
    }
    opts = SHOWATTRIBUTES;
    if(!isNull(CADDR(args)))
    opts = asInteger(CADDR(args));

    tval = deparse1(tval, 0, opts);
    if (TYPEOF(CAR(args)) == CLOSXP) {
    SET_CLOENV(CAR(args), saveenv);
    UNPROTECT(1);
    }
    PROTECT(tval); /* against Rconn_printf */
    ifile = asInteger(CADR(args));

    wasopen = 1;
    if (ifile != 1) {
    con = getConnection(ifile);
    wasopen = con->isopen;
    if(!wasopen) {
        if(!con->open(con)) error(_("cannot open the connection"));
        if(!con->canwrite) {
        con->close(con);
        error(_("cannot write to this connection"));
        }
    } else if(!con->canwrite)
        error(_("cannot write to this connection"));
    }/* else: "Stdout" */
    for (i = 0; i < LENGTH(tval); i++)
    if (ifile == 1)
        Rprintf("%s\n", CHAR(STRING_ELT(tval, i)));
    else {
        res = Rconn_printf(con, "%s\n", CHAR(STRING_ELT(tval, i)));
        if(!havewarned &&
           res < strlen(CHAR(STRING_ELT(tval, i))) + 1)
        warning(_("wrote too few characters"));
    }
    UNPROTECT(1); /* tval */
    if (!wasopen) con->close(con);
    return (CAR(args));
}

SEXP attribute_hidden do_dump(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    SEXP file, names, o, objs, tval, source, outnames;
    int i, j, nobjs, nout, res;
    Rboolean wasopen, havewarned = FALSE, evaluate;
    Rconnection con;
    int opts;
    const char *obj_name;

    checkArity(op, args);

    names = CAR(args);
    file = CADR(args);
    if(!isString(names))
    error( _("character arguments expected"));
    nobjs = length(names);
    if(nobjs < 1 || length(file) < 1)
    error(_("zero length argument"));
    source = CADDR(args);
    if (source != R_NilValue && TYPEOF(source) != ENVSXP)
    error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "envir");
    opts = asInteger(CADDDR(args));
    /* <NOTE>: change this if extra options are added */
    if(opts == NA_INTEGER || opts < 0 || opts > 256)
    errorcall(call, _("'opts' should be small non-negative integer"));
    evaluate = asLogical(CAD4R(args));
    if (!evaluate) opts |= DELAYPROMISES;

    PROTECT(o = objs = allocList(nobjs));

    for (j = 0, nout = 0; j < nobjs; j++, o = CDR(o)) {
    SET_TAG(o, install(translateChar(STRING_ELT(names, j))));
    SETCAR(o, findVar(TAG(o), source));
    if (CAR(o) == R_UnboundValue)
        warning(_("object '%s' not found"), CHAR(PRINTNAME(TAG(o))));
    else nout++;
    }
    o = objs;
    PROTECT(outnames = allocVector(STRSXP, nout));
    if(nout > 0) {
    if(INTEGER(file)[0] == 1) {
        for (i = 0, nout = 0; i < nobjs; i++) {
        if (CAR(o) == R_UnboundValue) continue;
        obj_name = translateChar(STRING_ELT(names, i));
        SET_STRING_ELT(outnames, nout++, STRING_ELT(names, i));
        if(isValidName(obj_name)) Rprintf("%s <-\n", obj_name);
        else if(opts & S_COMPAT) Rprintf("\"%s\" <-\n", obj_name);
        else Rprintf("`%s` <-\n", obj_name);
        tval = deparse1(CAR(o), 0, opts);
        for (j = 0; j < LENGTH(tval); j++)
            Rprintf("%s\n", CHAR(STRING_ELT(tval, j)));/* translated */
        o = CDR(o);
        }
    }
    else {
        con = getConnection(INTEGER(file)[0]);
        wasopen = con->isopen;
        if(!wasopen) {
        if(!con->open(con)) error(_("cannot open the connection"));
        if(!con->canwrite) {
            con->close(con);
            error(_("cannot write to this connection"));
        }
        } else if(!con->canwrite)
        error(_("cannot write to this connection"));
        for (i = 0, nout = 0; i < nobjs; i++) {
        const char *s;
        int extra = 6;
        if (CAR(o) == R_UnboundValue) continue;
        SET_STRING_ELT(outnames, nout++, STRING_ELT(names, i));
        s = translateChar(STRING_ELT(names, i));
        if(isValidName(s)) {
            extra = 4;
            res = Rconn_printf(con, "%s <-\n", s);
        } else if(opts & S_COMPAT)
            res = Rconn_printf(con, "\"%s\" <-\n", s);
        else
            res = Rconn_printf(con, "`%s` <-\n", s);
        if(!havewarned && res < strlen(s) + extra)
            warning(_("wrote too few characters"));
        tval = deparse1(CAR(o), 0, opts);
        for (j = 0; j < LENGTH(tval); j++) {
            res = Rconn_printf(con, "%s\n", CHAR(STRING_ELT(tval, j)));
            if(!havewarned &&
               res < strlen(CHAR(STRING_ELT(tval, j))) + 1)
            warning(_("wrote too few characters"));
        }
        o = CDR(o);
        }
        if (!wasopen) con->close(con);
    }
    }

    UNPROTECT(2);
    return outnames;
}

static void linebreak(Rboolean *lbreak, LocalParseData *d)
{
    if (d->len > d->cutoff) {
    if (!*lbreak) {
        *lbreak = TRUE;
        d->indent++;
    }
    writeline(d);
    }
}

static void deparse2(SEXP what, SEXP svec, LocalParseData *d)
{
    d->strvec = svec;
    d->linenumber = 0;
    d->indent = 0;
    deparse2buff(what, d);
    writeline(d);
}


/* curlyahead looks at s to see if it is a list with
   the first op being a curly.  You need this kind of
   lookahead info to print if statements correctly.  */
static Rboolean
curlyahead(SEXP s)
{
    if (isList(s) || isLanguage(s))
    if (TYPEOF(CAR(s)) == SYMSXP && CAR(s) == install("{"))
        return TRUE;
    return FALSE;
}

/* needsparens looks at an arg to a unary or binary operator to
   determine if it needs to be parenthesized when deparsed
   mainop is a unary or binary operator,
   arg is an argument to it, on the left if left == 1 */

static Rboolean needsparens(PPinfo mainop, SEXP arg, unsigned int left)
{
    PPinfo arginfo;
    if (TYPEOF(arg) == LANGSXP) {
    if (TYPEOF(CAR(arg)) == SYMSXP) {
        if ((TYPEOF(SYMVALUE(CAR(arg))) == BUILTINSXP) ||
        (TYPEOF(SYMVALUE(CAR(arg))) == SPECIALSXP)) {
        arginfo = PPINFO(SYMVALUE(CAR(arg)));
        switch(arginfo.kind) {
        case PP_BINARY:       /* Not all binary ops are binary! */
        case PP_BINARY2:
            switch(length(CDR(arg))) {
            case 1:
            if (!left)
                return FALSE;
            if (arginfo.precedence == PREC_SUM)   /* binary +/- precedence upgraded as unary */
                arginfo.precedence = PREC_SIGN;
            case 2:
            break;
            default:
            return FALSE;
            }
        case PP_ASSIGN:
        case PP_ASSIGN2:
        case PP_SUBSET:
        case PP_UNARY:
        case PP_DOLLAR:
            if (mainop.precedence > arginfo.precedence
            || (mainop.precedence == arginfo.precedence && left == mainop.rightassoc)) {
            return TRUE;
            }
            break;
        case PP_FOR:
        case PP_IF:
        case PP_WHILE:
        case PP_REPEAT:
            return left == 1;
            break;
        default:
            return FALSE;
        }
        }
    }
    }
    else if ((TYPEOF(arg) == CPLXSXP) && (length(arg) == 1)) {
    if (mainop.precedence > PREC_SUM
        || (mainop.precedence == PREC_SUM && left == mainop.rightassoc)) {
        return TRUE;
    }
    }
    return FALSE;
}

/* check for attributes other than function source */
static Rboolean hasAttributes(SEXP s)
{
    SEXP a = ATTRIB(s);
    if (length(a) > 2) return(TRUE);
    while(!isNull(a)) {
    if(TAG(a) != R_SrcrefSymbol
       && (TYPEOF(s) != CLOSXP || TAG(a) != R_SourceSymbol))
        return(TRUE);
    a = CDR(a);
    }
    return(FALSE);
}

static void attr1(SEXP s, LocalParseData *d)
{
    if(hasAttributes(s))
    print2buff("structure(", d);
}

static void attr2(SEXP s, LocalParseData *d)
{
    int localOpts = d->opts;

    if(hasAttributes(s)) {
    SEXP a = ATTRIB(s);
    while(!isNull(a)) {
        if(TAG(a) != R_SourceSymbol && TAG(a) != R_SrcrefSymbol) {
        print2buff(", ", d);
        if(TAG(a) == R_DimSymbol) {
            print2buff(".Dim", d);
        }
        else if(TAG(a) == R_DimNamesSymbol) {
            print2buff(".Dimnames", d);
        }
        else if(TAG(a) == R_NamesSymbol) {
            print2buff(".Names", d);
        }
        else if(TAG(a) == R_TspSymbol) {
            print2buff(".Tsp", d);
        }
        else if(TAG(a) == R_LevelsSymbol) {
            print2buff(".Label", d);
        }
        else {
            /* TAG(a) might contain spaces etc */
            const char *tag = CHAR(PRINTNAME(TAG(a)));
            d->opts = SIMPLEDEPARSE; /* turn off quote()ing */
            if(isValidName(tag))
            deparse2buff(TAG(a), d);
            else {
            print2buff("\"", d);
            deparse2buff(TAG(a), d);
            print2buff("\"", d);
            }
            d->opts = localOpts;
        }
        print2buff(" = ", d);
        deparse2buff(CAR(a), d);
        }
        a = CDR(a);
    }
    print2buff(")", d);
    }
}


static void printcomment(SEXP s, LocalParseData *d)
{
    SEXP cmt;
    int i, ncmt;

    /* look for old-style comments first */

    if(isList(TAG(s)) && !isNull(TAG(s))) {
    for (s = TAG(s); s != R_NilValue; s = CDR(s)) {
        print2buff(translateChar(STRING_ELT(CAR(s), 0)), d);
        writeline(d);
    }
    }
    else {
    cmt = getAttrib(s, R_CommentSymbol);
    ncmt = length(cmt);
    for(i = 0 ; i < ncmt ; i++) {
        print2buff(translateChar(STRING_ELT(cmt, i)), d);
        writeline(d);
    }
    }
}


static const char * backquotify(const char *s)
{
    /* backquotifying can at most double the length of the symbol in bytes,
       plus surrounding quotes and terminator. */
    static char buf[2*MAXIDSIZE+10];
    char *t = buf;

    /* If a symbol is not a valid name, put it in backquotes, escaping
     * any backquotes in the string itself */

    /* NOTE: This could be fragile if sufficiently weird names are
     * used. Ideally, we should insert backslash escapes, etc. */

    if (isValidName(s) || *s == '\0') return s;

    /* Don't translate 'impossible' error condition. */
    if(strlen(s) > MAXIDSIZE)
    error("symbol '%s' is too long to be a valid symbol", s);

    *t++ = '`';
#ifdef SUPPORT_MBCS
    if(mbcslocale && !utf8locale) {
    mbstate_t mb_st; int j, used;
    mbs_init(&mb_st);
    while( (used = Mbrtowc(NULL, s, MB_CUR_MAX, &mb_st)) ) {
        if ( *s  == '`' || *s == '\\' ) *t++ = '\\';
        for(j = 0; j < used; j++) *t++ = *s++;
    }
    } else
#endif
    while ( *s ) {
        if ( *s  == '`' || *s == '\\' ) *t++ = '\\';
        *t++ = *s++;
    }
    *t++ = '`';
    *t = '\0';
    return buf;
}

/* This is the recursive part of deparsing. */

#define SIMPLE_OPTS (~QUOTEEXPRESSIONS & ~SHOWATTRIBUTES & ~DELAYPROMISES)
/* keep KEEPINTEGER | USESOURCE | KEEPNA | S_COMPAT, also
   WARNINCOMPLETE but that is not used below this point. */

static void deparse2buff(SEXP s, LocalParseData *d)
{
    PPinfo fop;
    Rboolean lookahead = FALSE, lbreak = FALSE, parens;
    SEXP op, t;
    int localOpts = d->opts, i, n;

    if (!d->active) return;

    if (IS_S4_OBJECT(s)) d->isS4 = TRUE;

    switch (TYPEOF(s)) {
    case NILSXP:
    print2buff("NULL", d);
    break;
    case SYMSXP:
    if (localOpts & QUOTEEXPRESSIONS) {
        attr1(s, d);
        print2buff("quote(", d);
    }
    if (localOpts & S_COMPAT) {
        const char *ss = CHAR(PRINTNAME(s));
        if (isValidName(ss)) print2buff(ss, d);
        else {
        print2buff("\"", d);
        print2buff(ss, d);
        print2buff("\"", d);
        }
    } else if (d->backtick)
        print2buff(backquotify(CHAR(PRINTNAME(s))), d);
    else
        print2buff(CHAR(PRINTNAME(s)), d);
    if (localOpts & QUOTEEXPRESSIONS) {
        print2buff(")", d);
        attr2(s, d);
    }
    break;
    case CHARSXP:
    {
    const char *ts = translateChar(s);
    /* versions of R < 2.7.0 cannot parse strings longer than 8192 chars */
    if(strlen(ts) >= 8192) d->longstring = TRUE;
    print2buff(ts, d);
    break;
    }
    case SPECIALSXP:
    case BUILTINSXP:
    print2buff(".Primitive(\"", d);
    print2buff(PRIMNAME(s), d);
    print2buff("\")", d);
    break;
    case PROMSXP:
    if(d->opts & DELAYPROMISES) {
        d->sourceable = FALSE;
        print2buff("<promise: ", d);
        d->opts &= ~QUOTEEXPRESSIONS; /* don't want delay(quote()) */
        deparse2buff(PREXPR(s), d);
        d->opts = localOpts;
        print2buff(">", d);
    } else {
        PROTECT(s = eval(s, NULL)); /* eval uses env of promise */
        deparse2buff(s, d);
        UNPROTECT(1);
    }
    break;
    case CLOSXP:
    if (localOpts & SHOWATTRIBUTES) attr1(s, d);
    if ((d->opts & USESOURCE) &&
        (n = length(t = getAttrib(s, R_SourceSymbol))) > 0
        && isString(t)) {
        for(i = 0 ; i < n ; i++) {
        print2buff(translateChar(STRING_ELT(t, i)), d);
        writeline(d);
        }
    } else {
        /* We have established that we don't want to use the
           source for this function */
        d->opts &= SIMPLE_OPTS & ~USESOURCE;
        print2buff("function (", d);
        args2buff(FORMALS(s), 0, 1, d);
        print2buff(") ", d);

        writeline(d);
        deparse2buff(BODY_EXPR(s), d);
        d->opts = localOpts;
    }
    if (localOpts & SHOWATTRIBUTES) attr2(s, d);
    break;
    case ENVSXP:
    d->sourceable = FALSE;
    print2buff("<environment>", d);
    break;
    case VECSXP:
    if (localOpts & SHOWATTRIBUTES) attr1(s, d);
    print2buff("list(", d);
    vec2buff(s, d);
    print2buff(")", d);
    if (localOpts & SHOWATTRIBUTES) attr2(s, d);
    break;
    case EXPRSXP:
    if (localOpts & SHOWATTRIBUTES) attr1(s, d);
    if(length(s) <= 0)
        print2buff("expression()", d);
    else {
        print2buff("expression(", d);
        d->opts &= SIMPLE_OPTS;
        vec2buff(s, d);
        d->opts = localOpts;
        print2buff(")", d);
    }
    if (localOpts & SHOWATTRIBUTES) attr2(s, d);
    break;
    case LISTSXP:
    if (localOpts & SHOWATTRIBUTES) attr1(s, d);
    print2buff("list(", d);
    d->inlist++;
    for (t=s ; CDR(t) != R_NilValue ; t=CDR(t) ) {
        if( TAG(t) != R_NilValue ) {
        d->opts = SIMPLEDEPARSE; /* turn off quote()ing */
        deparse2buff(TAG(t), d);
        d->opts = localOpts;
        print2buff(" = ", d);
        }
        deparse2buff(CAR(t), d);
        print2buff(", ", d);
    }
    if( TAG(t) != R_NilValue ) {
        d->opts = SIMPLEDEPARSE; /* turn off quote()ing */
        deparse2buff(TAG(t), d);
        d->opts = localOpts;
        print2buff(" = ", d);
    }
    deparse2buff(CAR(t), d);
    print2buff(")", d);
    d->inlist--;
    if (localOpts & SHOWATTRIBUTES) attr2(s, d);
    break;
    case LANGSXP:
    printcomment(s, d);
    if (!isNull(ATTRIB(s)))
        d->sourceable = FALSE;
    if (localOpts & QUOTEEXPRESSIONS) {
        print2buff("quote(", d);
        d->opts &= SIMPLE_OPTS;
    }
    if (TYPEOF(CAR(s)) == SYMSXP) {
        if ((TYPEOF(SYMVALUE(CAR(s))) == BUILTINSXP) ||
        (TYPEOF(SYMVALUE(CAR(s))) == SPECIALSXP)) {
        op = CAR(s);
        fop = PPINFO(SYMVALUE(op));
        s = CDR(s);
        if (fop.kind == PP_BINARY) {
            switch (length(s)) {
            case 1:
            fop.kind = PP_UNARY;
            if (fop.precedence == PREC_SUM)   /* binary +/- precedence upgraded as unary */
                fop.precedence = PREC_SIGN;
            break;
            case 2:
            break;
            default:
            fop.kind = PP_FUNCALL;
            break;
            }
        }
        else if (fop.kind == PP_BINARY2) {
            if (length(s) != 2)
            fop.kind = PP_FUNCALL;
        }
        switch (fop.kind) {
        case PP_IF:
            print2buff("if (", d);
            /* print the predicate */
            deparse2buff(CAR(s), d);
            print2buff(") ", d);
            if (d->incurly && !d->inlist ) {
            lookahead = curlyahead(CAR(CDR(s)));
            if (!lookahead) {
                writeline(d);
                d->indent++;
            }
            }
            /* need to find out if there is an else */
            if (length(s) > 2) {
            deparse2buff(CAR(CDR(s)), d);
            if (d->incurly && !d->inlist) {
                writeline(d);
                if (!lookahead)
                d->indent--;
            }
            else
                print2buff(" ", d);
            print2buff("else ", d);
            deparse2buff(CAR(CDDR(s)), d);
            }
            else {
            deparse2buff(CAR(CDR(s)), d);
            if (d->incurly && !lookahead && !d->inlist )
                d->indent--;
            }
            break;
        case PP_WHILE:
            print2buff("while (", d);
            deparse2buff(CAR(s), d);
            print2buff(") ", d);
            deparse2buff(CADR(s), d);
            break;
        case PP_FOR:
            print2buff("for (", d);
            deparse2buff(CAR(s), d);
            print2buff(" in ", d);
            deparse2buff(CADR(s), d);
            print2buff(") ", d);
            deparse2buff(CADR(CDR(s)), d);
            break;
        case PP_REPEAT:
            print2buff("repeat ", d);
            deparse2buff(CAR(s), d);
            break;
        case PP_CURLY:
            print2buff("{", d);
            d->incurly += 1;
            d->indent++;
            writeline(d);
            while (s != R_NilValue) {
            deparse2buff(CAR(s), d);
            writeline(d);
            s = CDR(s);
            }
            d->indent--;
            print2buff("}", d);
            d->incurly -= 1;
            break;
        case PP_PAREN:
            print2buff("(", d);
            deparse2buff(CAR(s), d);
            print2buff(")", d);
            break;
        case PP_SUBSET:
            deparse2buff(CAR(s), d);
            if (PRIMVAL(SYMVALUE(op)) == 1)
            print2buff("[", d);
            else
            print2buff("[[", d);
            args2buff(CDR(s), 0, 0, d);
            if (PRIMVAL(SYMVALUE(op)) == 1)
            print2buff("]", d);
            else
            print2buff("]]", d);
            break;
        case PP_FUNCALL:
        case PP_RETURN:
            if (isValidName(CHAR(PRINTNAME(op)))) /* ASCII */
            print2buff(CHAR(PRINTNAME(op)), d);
            else if (d->backtick) {
            print2buff("`", d);
            print2buff(CHAR(PRINTNAME(op)), d);
            print2buff("`", d);
            } else {
            print2buff("\"", d);
            print2buff(CHAR(PRINTNAME(op)), d);
            print2buff("\"", d);
            }
            print2buff("(", d);
            d->inlist++;
            args2buff(s, 0, 0, d);
            d->inlist--;
            print2buff(")", d);
            break;
        case PP_FOREIGN:
            print2buff(CHAR(PRINTNAME(op)), d); /* ASCII */
            print2buff("(", d);
            d->inlist++;
            args2buff(s, 1, 0, d);
            d->inlist--;
            print2buff(")", d);
            break;
        case PP_FUNCTION:
            printcomment(s, d);
            if (!(d->opts & USESOURCE) || !isString(CADDR(s))) {
            print2buff(CHAR(PRINTNAME(op)), d); /* ASCII */
            print2buff("(", d);
            args2buff(FORMALS(s), 0, 1, d);
            print2buff(") ", d);
            deparse2buff(CADR(s), d);
            } else {
            s = CADDR(s);
            n = length(s);
            for(i = 0 ; i < n ; i++) {
                print2buff(translateChar(STRING_ELT(s, i)), d);
                writeline(d);
            }
            }
            break;
        case PP_ASSIGN:
        case PP_ASSIGN2:
            if ((parens = needsparens(fop, CAR(s), 1)))
            print2buff("(", d);
            deparse2buff(CAR(s), d);
            if (parens)
            print2buff(")", d);
            print2buff(" ", d);
            print2buff(CHAR(PRINTNAME(op)), d); /* ASCII */
            print2buff(" ", d);
            if ((parens = needsparens(fop, CADR(s), 0)))
            print2buff("(", d);
            deparse2buff(CADR(s), d);
            if (parens)
            print2buff(")", d);
            break;
        case PP_DOLLAR:
            if ((parens = needsparens(fop, CAR(s), 1)))
            print2buff("(", d);
            deparse2buff(CAR(s), d);
            if (parens)
            print2buff(")", d);
            print2buff(CHAR(PRINTNAME(op)), d); /* ASCII */
            /*temp fix to handle printing of x$a's */
            if( isString(CADR(s)) &&
            isValidName(CHAR(STRING_ELT(CADR(s), 0))))
            deparse2buff(STRING_ELT(CADR(s), 0), d);
            else {
            if ((parens = needsparens(fop, CADR(s), 0)))
                print2buff("(", d);
            deparse2buff(CADR(s), d);
            if (parens)
                print2buff(")", d);
            }
            break;
        case PP_BINARY:
            if ((parens = needsparens(fop, CAR(s), 1)))
            print2buff("(", d);
            deparse2buff(CAR(s), d);
            if (parens)
            print2buff(")", d);
            print2buff(" ", d);
            print2buff(CHAR(PRINTNAME(op)), d); /* ASCII */
            print2buff(" ", d);
            linebreak(&lbreak, d);
            if ((parens = needsparens(fop, CADR(s), 0)))
            print2buff("(", d);
            deparse2buff(CADR(s), d);
            if (parens)
            print2buff(")", d);
            if (lbreak) {
            d->indent--;
            lbreak = FALSE;
            }
            break;
        case PP_BINARY2:    /* no space between op and args */
            if ((parens = needsparens(fop, CAR(s), 1)))
            print2buff("(", d);
            deparse2buff(CAR(s), d);
            if (parens)
            print2buff(")", d);
            print2buff(CHAR(PRINTNAME(op)), d); /* ASCII */
            if ((parens = needsparens(fop, CADR(s), 0)))
            print2buff("(", d);
            deparse2buff(CADR(s), d);
            if (parens)
            print2buff(")", d);
            break;
        case PP_UNARY:
            print2buff(CHAR(PRINTNAME(op)), d); /* ASCII */
            if ((parens = needsparens(fop, CAR(s), 0)))
            print2buff("(", d);
            deparse2buff(CAR(s), d);
            if (parens)
            print2buff(")", d);
            break;
        case PP_BREAK:
            print2buff("break", d);
            break;
        case PP_NEXT:
            print2buff("next", d);
            break;
        case PP_SUBASS:
            if(d->opts & S_COMPAT) {
            print2buff("\"", d);
            print2buff(CHAR(PRINTNAME(op)), d); /* ASCII */
            print2buff("\'(", d);
            } else {
            print2buff("`", d);
            print2buff(CHAR(PRINTNAME(op)), d); /* ASCII */
            print2buff("`(", d);
            }
            args2buff(s, 0, 0, d);
            print2buff(")", d);
            break;
        default:
            d->sourceable = FALSE;
            UNIMPLEMENTED("deparse2buff");
        }
        }
        else {
        if(isSymbol(CAR(s)) && isUserBinop(CAR(s))) {
            op = CAR(s);
            s = CDR(s);
            deparse2buff(CAR(s), d);
            print2buff(" ", d);
            print2buff(translateChar(PRINTNAME(op)), d);
            print2buff(" ", d);
            linebreak(&lbreak, d);
            deparse2buff(CADR(s), d);
            if (lbreak) {
            d->indent--;
            lbreak = FALSE;
            }
            break;
        }
        else {
            SEXP val = R_NilValue; /* -Wall */
            if (isSymbol(CAR(s))) {
            val = SYMVALUE(CAR(s));
            if (TYPEOF(val) == PROMSXP)
                val = eval(val, R_BaseEnv);
            }
            if ( isSymbol(CAR(s))
              && TYPEOF(val) == CLOSXP
              && streql(CHAR(PRINTNAME(CAR(s))), "::") ){ /*  :: is special case */
            deparse2buff(CADR(s), d);
            print2buff("::", d);
            deparse2buff(CADDR(s), d);
            }
            else if ( isSymbol(CAR(s))
              && TYPEOF(val) == CLOSXP
              && streql(CHAR(PRINTNAME(CAR(s))), ":::") ){ /*  ::: is special case */
            deparse2buff(CADR(s), d);
            print2buff(":::", d);
            deparse2buff(CADDR(s), d);
            }
            else {
            if ( isSymbol(CAR(s)) ){
                const char *ss = CHAR(PRINTNAME(CAR(s)));
                if (isValidName(ss))
                print2buff(ss, d);
                else if(d->opts & S_COMPAT) {
                print2buff("\'", d);
                print2buff(ss, d);
                print2buff("\'", d);
                } else {
                print2buff("`", d);
                print2buff(ss, d);
                print2buff("`", d);
                }
            }
            else
                deparse2buff(CAR(s), d);
            print2buff("(", d);
            args2buff(CDR(s), 0, 0, d);
            print2buff(")", d);
            }
        }
        }
    }
    else if (TYPEOF(CAR(s)) == CLOSXP || TYPEOF(CAR(s)) == SPECIALSXP
         || TYPEOF(CAR(s)) == BUILTINSXP) {
        deparse2buff(CAR(s), d);
        print2buff("(", d);
        args2buff(CDR(s), 0, 0, d);
        print2buff(")", d);
    }
    else { /* we have a lambda expression */
        deparse2buff(CAR(s), d);
        print2buff("(", d);
        args2buff(CDR(s), 0, 0, d);
        print2buff(")", d);
    }
    if (localOpts & QUOTEEXPRESSIONS) {
        d->opts = localOpts;
        print2buff(")", d);
    }
    break;
    case STRSXP:
    case LGLSXP:
    case INTSXP:
    case REALSXP:
    case CPLXSXP:
    case RAWSXP:
    if (localOpts & SHOWATTRIBUTES) attr1(s, d);
    vector2buff(s, d);
    if (localOpts & SHOWATTRIBUTES) attr2(s, d);
    break;
    case EXTPTRSXP:
    {
    char tpb[32]; /* need 12+2+2*sizeof(void*) */
    d->sourceable = FALSE;
    snprintf(tpb, 32, "<pointer: %p>", R_ExternalPtrAddr(s));
    tpb[31] = '\0';
    print2buff(tpb, d);
    }
    break;
#ifdef BYTECODE
    case BCODESXP:
    d->sourceable = FALSE;
    print2buff("<bytecode>", d);
    break;
#endif
    case WEAKREFSXP:
    d->sourceable = FALSE;
    print2buff("<weak reference>", d);
    break;
    case S4SXP:
    d->sourceable = FALSE;
    d->isS4 = TRUE;
    print2buff("<S4 object of class ", d);
    deparse2buff(getAttrib(s, R_ClassSymbol), d);
    print2buff(">", d);
      break;
    default:
    d->sourceable = FALSE;
    UNIMPLEMENTED_TYPE("deparse2buff", s);
    }
}


/* If there is a string array active point to that, and */
/* otherwise we are counting lines so don't do anything. */

static void writeline(LocalParseData *d)
{
    if (d->strvec != R_NilValue && d->linenumber < d->maxlines)
    SET_STRING_ELT(d->strvec, d->linenumber, mkChar(d->buffer.data));
    d->linenumber++;
    if (d->linenumber >= d->maxlines) d->active = FALSE;
    /* reset */
    d->len = 0;
    d->buffer.data[0] = '\0';
    d->startline = TRUE;
}

static void print2buff(const char *strng, LocalParseData *d)
{
    int tlen, bufflen;

    if (d->startline) {
    d->startline = FALSE;
    printtab2buff(d->indent, d);    /*if at the start of a line tab over */
    }
    tlen = strlen(strng);
    R_AllocStringBuffer(0, &(d->buffer));
    bufflen = strlen(d->buffer.data);
    R_AllocStringBuffer(bufflen + tlen, &(d->buffer));
    strcat(d->buffer.data, strng);
    d->len += tlen;
}

static void vector2buff(SEXP vector, LocalParseData *d)
{
    int tlen, i, quote;
    const char *strp;
    Rboolean surround = FALSE, allNA, addL = TRUE;

    tlen = length(vector);
    if( isString(vector) )
    quote = '"';
    else
    quote = 0;
    if (tlen == 0) {
    switch(TYPEOF(vector)) {
    case LGLSXP: print2buff("logical(0)", d); break;
    case INTSXP: print2buff("integer(0)", d); break;
    case REALSXP: print2buff("numeric(0)", d); break;
    case CPLXSXP: print2buff("complex(0)", d); break;
    case STRSXP: print2buff("character(0)", d); break;
    case RAWSXP: print2buff("raw(0)", d); break;
    default: UNIMPLEMENTED_TYPE("vector2buff", vector);
    }
    }
    else if(TYPEOF(vector) == INTSXP) {
    /* We treat integer separately, as S_compatible is relevant.

       Also, it is neat to deparse m:n in that form,
       so we do so as from 2.5.0.
     */
    Rboolean intSeq = (tlen > 1);
    int *tmp = INTEGER(vector);

    for(i = 1; i < tlen; i++) {
        if(tmp[i] - tmp[i-1] != 1) {
        intSeq = FALSE;
        break;
        }
    }
    if(intSeq) {
        strp = EncodeElement(vector, 0, '"', '.');
        print2buff(strp, d);
        print2buff(":", d);
        strp = EncodeElement(vector, tlen - 1, '"', '.');
        print2buff(strp, d);
    } else {
        addL = d->opts & KEEPINTEGER & !(d->opts & S_COMPAT);
        allNA = (d->opts & KEEPNA) || addL;
        for(i = 0; i < tlen; i++)
        if(tmp[i] != NA_INTEGER) {
            allNA = FALSE;
            break;
        }
        if((d->opts & KEEPINTEGER && (d->opts & S_COMPAT))) {
        surround = TRUE;
        print2buff("as.integer(", d);
        }
        allNA = allNA && !(d->opts & S_COMPAT);
        if(tlen > 1) print2buff("c(", d);
        for (i = 0; i < tlen; i++) {
        if(allNA && tmp[i] == NA_INTEGER) {
            print2buff("NA_integer_", d);
        } else {
            strp = EncodeElement(vector, i, quote, '.');
            print2buff(strp, d);
            if(addL && tmp[i] != NA_INTEGER) print2buff("L", d);
        }
        if (i < (tlen - 1)) print2buff(", ", d);
        if (tlen > 1 && d->len > d->cutoff) writeline(d);
        if (!d->active) break;
        }
        if(tlen > 1)print2buff(")", d);
        if(surround) print2buff(")", d);
    }
    } else {
    allNA = d->opts & KEEPNA;
    if((d->opts & KEEPNA) && TYPEOF(vector) == REALSXP) {
        for(i = 0; i < tlen; i++)
        if(!ISNA(REAL(vector)[i])) {
            allNA = FALSE;
            break;
        }
        if(allNA && (d->opts & S_COMPAT)) {
        surround = TRUE;
        print2buff("as.double(", d);
        }
    } else if((d->opts & KEEPNA) && TYPEOF(vector) == CPLXSXP) {
        Rcomplex *tmp = COMPLEX(vector);
        for(i = 0; i < tlen; i++) {
        if( !ISNA(tmp[i].r) && !ISNA(tmp[i].i) ) {
            allNA = FALSE;
            break;
        }
        }
        if(allNA && (d->opts & S_COMPAT)) {
        surround = TRUE;
        print2buff("as.complex(", d);
        }
    } else if((d->opts & KEEPNA) && TYPEOF(vector) == STRSXP) {
        for(i = 0; i < tlen; i++)
        if(STRING_ELT(vector, i) != NA_STRING) {
            allNA = FALSE;
            break;
        }
        if(allNA && (d->opts & S_COMPAT)) {
        surround = TRUE;
        print2buff("as.character(", d);
        }
    }
    if(tlen > 1) print2buff("c(", d);
    allNA = allNA && !(d->opts & S_COMPAT);
    for (i = 0; i < tlen; i++) {
        if(allNA && TYPEOF(vector) == REALSXP &&
           ISNA(REAL(vector)[i])) {
        strp = "NA_real_";
        } else if (allNA && TYPEOF(vector) == CPLXSXP &&
               (ISNA(COMPLEX(vector)[i].r)
            || ISNA(COMPLEX(vector)[i].i)) ) {
        strp = "NA_complex_";
        } else if (allNA && TYPEOF(vector) == STRSXP &&
               STRING_ELT(vector, i) == NA_STRING) {
        strp = "NA_character_";
        } else if (TYPEOF(vector) == REALSXP && (d->opts & S_COMPAT)) {
        int w, d, e;
        formatReal(&REAL(vector)[i], 1, &w, &d, &e, 0);
        strp = EncodeReal2(REAL(vector)[i], w, d, e);
        } else if (TYPEOF(vector) == STRSXP) {
        const char *ts = translateChar(STRING_ELT(vector, i));
        /* versions of R < 2.7.0 cannot parse strings longer than 8192 chars */
        if(strlen(ts) >= 8192) d->longstring = TRUE;
        strp = EncodeElement(vector, i, quote, '.');
        } else
        strp = EncodeElement(vector, i, quote, '.');
        print2buff(strp, d);
        if (i < (tlen - 1)) print2buff(", ", d);
        if (tlen > 1 && d->len > d->cutoff) writeline(d);
        if (!d->active) break;
    }
    if(tlen > 1) print2buff(")", d);
    if(surround) print2buff(")", d);
    }
}

/* src2buff : Deparse source element k to buffer, if possible; return FALSE on failure */

static Rboolean src2buff(SEXP sv, int k, LocalParseData *d)
{
    SEXP t;
    int i, n;

    if (TYPEOF(sv) == VECSXP && length(sv) > k && !isNull(t = VECTOR_ELT(sv, k))) {
    PROTECT(t);

    PROTECT(t = lang2(install("as.character"), t));
    PROTECT(t = eval(t, R_BaseEnv));
    n = length(t);
    for(i = 0 ; i < n ; i++) {
        print2buff(translateChar(STRING_ELT(t, i)), d);
        if(i < n-1) writeline(d);
    }
    UNPROTECT(3);
    return TRUE;
    }
    else return FALSE;
}

/* vec2buff : New Code */
/* Deparse vectors of S-expressions. */
/* In particular, this deparses objects of mode expression. */

static void vec2buff(SEXP v, LocalParseData *d)
{
    SEXP nv, sv;
    int i, n /*, localOpts = d->opts */;
    Rboolean lbreak = FALSE;

    n = length(v);
    nv = getAttrib(v, R_NamesSymbol);
    if (length(nv) == 0) nv = R_NilValue;

    if (d->opts & USESOURCE) {
    sv = getAttrib(v, R_SrcrefSymbol);
    if (TYPEOF(sv) != VECSXP)
        sv = R_NilValue;
    } else
    sv = R_NilValue;

    for(i = 0 ; i < n ; i++) {
    if (i > 0)
        print2buff(", ", d);
    linebreak(&lbreak, d);
    if (!isNull(nv) && !isNull(STRING_ELT(nv, i))
        && *CHAR(STRING_ELT(nv, i))) { /* length test */
        /* d->opts = SIMPLEDEPARSE; This seems pointless */
        if( isValidName(translateChar(STRING_ELT(nv, i))) )
        deparse2buff(STRING_ELT(nv, i), d);
        else if(d->backtick) {
        print2buff("`", d);
        deparse2buff(STRING_ELT(nv, i), d);
        print2buff("`", d);
        } else {
        print2buff("\"", d);
        deparse2buff(STRING_ELT(nv, i), d);
        print2buff("\"", d);
        }
        /* d->opts = localOpts; */
        print2buff(" = ", d);
    }
    if (!src2buff(sv, i, d))
        deparse2buff(VECTOR_ELT(v, i), d);
    }
    if (lbreak)
    d->indent--;
}

static void args2buff(SEXP arglist, int lineb, int formals, LocalParseData *d)
{
    Rboolean lbreak = FALSE;

    while (arglist != R_NilValue) {
    if (TYPEOF(arglist) != LISTSXP && TYPEOF(arglist) != LANGSXP)
        error(_("badly formed function expression"));
    if (TAG(arglist) != R_NilValue) {
        SEXP s = TAG(arglist);

        const char *ss = CHAR(PRINTNAME(s));
        if( s == R_DotsSymbol || isValidName(ss) )
        print2buff(ss, d);
        else if(d->backtick) {
        print2buff("`", d);
        print2buff(ss, d);
        print2buff("`", d);
        } else {
        print2buff("\"", d);
        print2buff(ss, d);
        print2buff("\"", d);
        }
        if(formals) {
        if (CAR(arglist) != R_MissingArg) {
            print2buff(" = ", d);
            deparse2buff(CAR(arglist), d);
        }
        }
        else {
        print2buff(" = ", d);
        if (CAR(arglist) != R_MissingArg) {
            deparse2buff(CAR(arglist), d);
        }
        }
    }
    else deparse2buff(CAR(arglist), d);
    arglist = CDR(arglist);
    if (arglist != R_NilValue) {
        print2buff(", ", d);
        linebreak(&lbreak, d);
    }
    }
    if (lbreak)
    d->indent--;
}

/* This code controls indentation.  Used to follow the S style, */
/* (print 4 tabs and then start printing spaces only) but I */
/* modified it to be closer to emacs style (RI). */

static void printtab2buff(int ntab, LocalParseData *d)
{
    int i;

    for (i = 1; i <= ntab; i++)
    if (i <= 4)
        print2buff("    ", d);
    else
        print2buff("  ", d);
}