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% File src/library/base/man/switch.Rd
% Part of the R package, https://www.R-project.org
% Copyright 1995-2016 R Core Team
% Distributed under GPL 2 or later

\name{switch}
\alias{switch}
\title{Select One of a List of Alternatives}
\description{
  \code{switch} evaluates \code{EXPR} and accordingly chooses one of the
  further arguments (in \code{\dots}).
}
\usage{
switch(EXPR, \dots)
}
\arguments{
  \item{EXPR}{an expression evaluating to a number or a character
    string.}
  \item{\dots}{the list of alternatives.  If it is intended that
    \code{EXPR} has a character-string value these will be
    named, perhaps except for one alternative to be used as a
    \sQuote{default} value.}
}
\details{
  \code{switch} works in two distinct ways depending whether the first
  argument evaluates to a character string or a number.

  If the value of \code{EXPR} is not a character string it is coerced to
  integer.  Note that this also happens for \code{\link{factor}}s, with
  a warning, as typically the character level is meant.  If the integer
  is between 1 and \code{nargs()-1} then the corresponding element of
  \code{\dots} is evaluated and the result returned: thus if the first
  argument is \code{3} then the fourth argument is evaluated and
  returned.

  If \code{EXPR} evaluates to a character string then that string is
  matched (exactly) to the names of the elements in \code{\dots}.  If
  there is a match then that element is evaluated unless it is missing,
  in which case the next non-missing element is evaluated, so for
  example \code{switch("cc", a = 1, cc =, cd =, d = 2)} evaluates to
  \code{2}.  If there is more than one match, the first matching element
  is used.  In the case of no match, if there is an unnamed element of
  \code{\dots} its value is returned.  (If there is more than one such
  argument an error is signaled.)

  The first argument is always taken to be \code{EXPR}: if it is named
  its name must (partially) match.

  A warning is signaled if no alternatives are provided, as this is
  usually a coding error.
  
  This is implemented as a \link{primitive} function that only evaluates
  its first argument and one other if one is selected.
}
\section{Warning}{
  It is possible to write calls to \code{switch} that can be confusing
  and may not work in the same way in earlier versions of \R.  For
  compatibility (and clarity), always have \code{EXPR} as the first
  argument, naming it if partial matching is a possibility.  For the
  character-string form, have a single unnamed argument as the default
  after the named values.
}
\value{
  The value of one of the elements of \code{\dots}, or \code{NULL},
  invisibly (whenever no element is selected).

  The result has the visibility (see \code{\link{invisible}}) of the
  element evaluated.
}
\references{
  Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988)
  \emph{The New S Language}.
  Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
}
\examples{
require(stats)
centre <- function(x, type) {
  switch(type,
         mean = mean(x),
         median = median(x),
         trimmed = mean(x, trim = .1))
}
x <- rcauchy(10)
centre(x, "mean")
centre(x, "median")
centre(x, "trimmed")

ccc <- c("b","QQ","a","A","bb")
# note: cat() produces no output for NULL
for(ch in ccc)
    cat(ch,":", switch(EXPR = ch, a = 1, b = 2:3), "\n")
for(ch in ccc)
    cat(ch,":", switch(EXPR = ch, a =, A = 1, b = 2:3, "Otherwise: last"),"\n")

## switch(f, *) with a factor f
ff <- gl(3,1, labels=LETTERS[3:1])
ff[1] # C
## so one might expect " is C" here, but
switch(ff[1], A = "I am A", B="Bb..", C=" is C")# -> "I am A"
## so we give a warning

## Numeric EXPR does not allow a default value to be specified
## -- it is always NULL
for(i in c(-1:3, 9))  print(switch(i, 1, 2 , 3, 4))

## visibility
switch(1, invisible(pi), pi)
switch(2, invisible(pi), pi)
}
\keyword{programming}