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% File src/library/base/man/Memory.Rd
% Part of the R package, https://www.R-project.org
% Copyright 1995-2015 R Core Team
% Distributed under GPL 2 or later

\name{Memory}
\alias{Memory}
\title{Memory Available for Data Storage}
\description{
  How \R manages its workspace.
}
\details{
  \R has a variable-sized workspace.  There are (rarely-used)
  command-line options to control its minimum size, but no longer any to
  control the maximum size.
#ifdef windows

  On Windows the \option{--max-mem-size} option (or environment variable
  \env{R_MAX_MEM_SIZE}) sets the maximum (virtual) memory allocation: it
  has a minimum allowed value of 32M.  This is intended to catch
  attempts to allocate excessive amounts of memory which may cause other
  processes to run out of resources.  See also \code{\link{memory.limit}}.
#endif

  \R maintains separate areas for fixed and variable sized objects.  The
  first of these is allocated as an array of \emph{cons cells} (Lisp
  programmers will know what they are, others may think of them as the
  building blocks of the language itself, parse trees, etc.), and the
  second are thrown on a \emph{heap} of \sQuote{Vcells} of 8 bytes each.
  Each cons cell occupies 28 bytes on a 32-bit build of \R, (usually) 56
  bytes on a 64-bit build.

  The default values are (currently) an initial setting of 350k cons
  cells and 6Mb of vector heap.  Note that the areas are not actually
  allocated initially: rather these values are the sizes for triggering
  garbage collection.  These values can be set by the command line
  options \option{--min-nsize} and \option{--min-vsize} (or if they are
  not used, the environment variables \env{R_NSIZE} and \env{R_VSIZE})
  when \R is started.  Thereafter \R will grow or shrink the areas
  depending on usage, never decreasing below the initial values.  The
  maximal vector heap size can be set with the environment variable
  \env{R_MAX_VSIZE}.

  How much time \R spends in the garbage collector will depend on these
  initial settings and on the trade-off the memory manager makes, when
  memory fills up, between collecting garbage to free up unused memory
  and growing these areas.  The strategy used for growth can be
  specified by setting the environment variable \env{R_GC_MEM_GROW} to
  an integer value between 0 and 3. This variable is read at
  start-up. Higher values grow the heap more aggressively, thus reducing
  garbage collection time but using more memory.

  You can find out the current memory consumption (the heap and cons
  cells used as numbers and megabytes) by typing \code{\link{gc}()} at the
  \R prompt.  Note that following \code{\link{gcinfo}(TRUE)}, automatic
  garbage collection always prints memory use statistics.

  The command-line option \option{--max-ppsize} controls the maximum
  size of the pointer protection stack.  This defaults to 50000, but can
  be increased to allow deep recursion or large and complicated
  calculations to be done.  \emph{Note} that parts of the garbage
  collection process goes through the full reserved pointer protection
  stack and hence becomes slower when the size is increased.  Currently
  the maximum value accepted is 500000.
}

\seealso{
  \emph{An Introduction to R} for more command-line options.

  \code{\link{Memory-limits}} for the design limitations.

  \code{\link{gc}} for information on the garbage collector and total
  memory usage,  \code{\link{object.size}(a)} for the (approximate)
  size of \R object \code{a}.  \code{\link{memory.profile}} for
  profiling the usage of cons cells.
#ifdef windows

  \code{\link{memory.size}} to monitor total memory usage,
  \code{\link{memory.limit}} for the current limit.
#endif
}

\keyword{environment}