The R Project SVN R

/*
 *  R : A Computer Language for Statistical Data Analysis
 *  Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997  Robert Gentleman and Ross Ihaka
 *  Copyright (C) 2000-5            The R Development Core Team.
 *  Copyright (C) 2005          The R Foundation
 *
 *  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 *  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 *  (at your option) any later version.
 *
 *  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 *  GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 *  along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 *  Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301  USA
 */

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include <config.h>
#endif

#include <Defn.h>       /* -> ../include/R_ext/Complex.h */
#include <Rmath.h>
#include <R_ext/Applic.h>   /* R_cpoly */

#include "arithmetic.h"     /* complex_*  */

#ifdef HAVE_C99_COMPLEX
# include <complex.h>
# ifdef USE_RINTERNALS
#  define C99_COMPLEX(x) ((double complex *) DATAPTR(x))
# else
#  define C99_COMPLEX(x) ((double complex *) COMPLEX(x))
# endif
#endif

#ifndef HAVE_HYPOT
# define hypot pythag
#endif

SEXP complex_unary(ARITHOP_TYPE code, SEXP s1)
{
    int i, n;
#ifndef HAVE_C99_COMPLEX
    Rcomplex x;
#endif
    SEXP ans;

    switch(code) {
    case PLUSOP:
    return s1;
    case MINUSOP:

    ans = duplicate(s1);
    n = LENGTH(s1);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
#ifdef HAVE_C99_COMPLEX
        C99_COMPLEX(ans)[i] = - C99_COMPLEX(s1)[i];
#else
        x = COMPLEX(s1)[i];
        COMPLEX(ans)[i].r = -x.r;
        COMPLEX(ans)[i].i = -x.i;
#endif
    }
    return ans;
    default:
    error_return(_("invalid complex unary operator"));
    }
}

#ifndef HAVE_C99_COMPLEX
static void complex_div(Rcomplex *c, Rcomplex *a, Rcomplex *b)
{
    double ratio, den;
    double abr, abi;

    if( (abr = b->r) < 0)
    abr = - abr;
    if( (abi = b->i) < 0)
    abi = - abi;
    if( abr <= abi ) {
    ratio = b->r / b->i ;
    den = b->i * (1 + ratio*ratio);
    c->r = (a->r*ratio + a->i) / den;
    c->i = (a->i*ratio - a->r) / den;
    }
    else {
    ratio = b->i / b->r ;
    den = b->r * (1 + ratio*ratio);
    c->r = (a->r + a->i*ratio) / den;
    c->i = (a->i - a->r*ratio) / den;
    }
}
#endif

#ifndef HAVE_C99_COMPLEX

static void complex_pow(Rcomplex *r, Rcomplex *a, Rcomplex *b)
{
/* r := a^b */
    double logr, logi, x, y;
    int ib;

    if(b->i == 0.) {        /* ^ "real" : be fast (and more accurate)*/
    if(b->r == 1.) {    /* a^1 */
        r->r = a->r; r->i = a->i; return;
    }
    if(a->i == 0. && a->r >= 0.) {
        r->r = R_pow(a->r, b->r); r->i = 0.; return;
    }
    if(a->r == 0. && b->r == (ib = (int)b->r)) {/* (|a|*i)^b */
        x = R_pow_di(a->i, ib);
        if(ib % 2) {    /* ib is odd ==> imaginary r */
        r->r = 0.;
        r->i = ((ib>0 && ib %4 == 3)||(ib<0 && (-ib)%4 == 1))? -x : x;
        } else {        /* even exponent b : real r */
        r->r = (ib %4)? -x : x; r->i = 0.;
        }
        return;
    }
    }
    logr = log(hypot(a->r, a->i) );
    logi = atan2(a->i, a->r);
    x = exp( logr * b->r - logi * b->i );
    y = logr * b->i + logi * b->r;
    r->r = x * cos(y);
    r->i = x * sin(y);
}

#else /* HAVE_C99_COMPLEX */

#ifdef Win32
/* Need this because the system one is explicitly linked 
   against MSVCRT's pow, and gets (0+0i)^Y as 0+0i for all Y */
double complex mycpow (double complex X, double complex Y)
{
  double complex Res;
  if (X == 0.0) {
      __real__ Res = R_pow(0.0, __real__ Y);
      __imag__ Res = 0.0;
  } else {
      double rho, r,i, theta;
      r = hypot (__real__ X, __imag__ X);
      i = carg (X);
      theta = i * __real__ Y;
 
      if (__imag__ Y == 0.0)
      rho = pow (r, __real__ Y);
      else {
          r = log (r);
      /* rearrangement of cexp(X * clog(Y)) */
      theta += r * __imag__ Y;
      rho = exp (r * __real__ Y - i * __imag__ Y);
      }
      __real__ Res = rho * cos (theta);
      __imag__ Res = rho * sin (theta);
  }
  return  Res;
}
#else /* not Win32 */
/* reason for this: glibc gets (0+0i)^y = Inf+NaNi for y < 0
*/
double complex mycpow (double complex X, double complex Y)
{
    double tmp = cimag(Y);
    if (X == 0.0 && tmp == 0) {
    double complex Z = R_pow(0.0, creal(Y));
    return Z;
    } else 
    return cpow(X, Y);
}
#endif

#endif /* HAVE_C99_COMPLEX */

/* See arithmetic.c */
#define mod_iterate(n1,n2,i1,i2) for (i=i1=i2=0; i<n; \
    i1 = (++i1 == n1) ? 0 : i1,\
    i2 = (++i2 == n2) ? 0 : i2,\
    ++i)

SEXP complex_binary(ARITHOP_TYPE code, SEXP s1, SEXP s2)
{
    int i,i1, i2, n, n1, n2;
#ifndef HAVE_C99_COMPLEX
    Rcomplex x1, x2;
#endif
    SEXP ans;

    /* Note: "s1" and "s1" are protected in the calling code. */
    n1 = LENGTH(s1);
    n2 = LENGTH(s2);
     /* S4-compatibility change: if n1 or n2 is 0, result is of length 0 */
    if (n1 == 0 || n2 == 0) return(allocVector(CPLXSXP, 0));

    n = (n1 > n2) ? n1 : n2;
    ans = allocVector(CPLXSXP, n);

    switch (code) {
    case PLUSOP:
    mod_iterate(n1, n2, i1, i2) {
#ifdef HAVE_C99_COMPLEX
        C99_COMPLEX(ans)[i] = C99_COMPLEX(s1)[i1] + C99_COMPLEX(s2)[i2];
#else
        x1 = COMPLEX(s1)[i1];
        x2 = COMPLEX(s2)[i2];
        COMPLEX(ans)[i].r = x1.r + x2.r;
        COMPLEX(ans)[i].i = x1.i + x2.i;
#endif
    }
    break;
    case MINUSOP:
    mod_iterate(n1, n2, i1, i2) {
#ifdef HAVE_C99_COMPLEX
        C99_COMPLEX(ans)[i] = C99_COMPLEX(s1)[i1] - C99_COMPLEX(s2)[i2];
#else
        x1 = COMPLEX(s1)[i1];
        x2 = COMPLEX(s2)[i2];
        COMPLEX(ans)[i].r = x1.r - x2.r;
        COMPLEX(ans)[i].i = x1.i - x2.i;
#endif
    }
    break;
    case TIMESOP:
    mod_iterate(n1, n2, i1, i2) {
#ifdef HAVE_C99_COMPLEX
        C99_COMPLEX(ans)[i] = C99_COMPLEX(s1)[i1] * C99_COMPLEX(s2)[i2];
#else
        x1 = COMPLEX(s1)[i1];
        x2 = COMPLEX(s2)[i2];
        COMPLEX(ans)[i].r = x1.r * x2.r - x1.i * x2.i;
        COMPLEX(ans)[i].i = x1.r * x2.i + x1.i * x2.r;
#endif
    }
    break;
    case DIVOP:
    mod_iterate(n1, n2, i1, i2) {
#ifdef HAVE_C99_COMPLEX
        C99_COMPLEX(ans)[i] = C99_COMPLEX(s1)[i1] / C99_COMPLEX(s2)[i2];
#else
        x1 = COMPLEX(s1)[i1];
        x2 = COMPLEX(s2)[i2];
        complex_div(&COMPLEX(ans)[i], &x1, &x2);
#endif
    }
    break;
    case POWOP:
    mod_iterate(n1, n2, i1, i2) {
#ifdef HAVE_C99_COMPLEX
        C99_COMPLEX(ans)[i] = 
        mycpow(C99_COMPLEX(s1)[i1], C99_COMPLEX(s2)[i2]);
#else
        x1 = COMPLEX(s1)[i1];
        x2 = COMPLEX(s2)[i2];
        complex_pow(&COMPLEX(ans)[i], &x1, &x2);
#endif
    }
    break;
    default:
    error(_("unimplemented complex operation"));
    }

    /* quick return if there are no attributes */
    if (ATTRIB(s1) == R_NilValue && ATTRIB(s2) == R_NilValue)
    return ans;

    /* Copy attributes from longer argument. */
    if (n1 > n2)
    copyMostAttrib(s1, ans);
    else if (n1 == n2) {
    copyMostAttrib(s2, ans);
    copyMostAttrib(s1, ans);
    }
    else
    copyMostAttrib(s2, ans);
    return ans;
}

SEXP attribute_hidden do_cmathfuns(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    SEXP x, y = R_NilValue; /* -Wall*/
    int i, n;

    checkArity(op, args);
    if (DispatchGroup("Complex", call, op, args, env, &x))
        return x;
    x = CAR(args);
    n = length(x);
    if (isComplex(x)) {
    switch(PRIMVAL(op)) {
    case 1: /* Re */
        y = allocVector(REALSXP, n);
        for(i = 0 ; i < n ; i++)
#ifdef HAVE_C99_COMPLEX
        REAL(y)[i] = creal(C99_COMPLEX(x)[i]);
#else
        REAL(y)[i] = COMPLEX(x)[i].r;
#endif
        break;
    case 2: /* Im */
        y = allocVector(REALSXP, n);
        for(i = 0 ; i < n ; i++)
#ifdef HAVE_C99_COMPLEX
        REAL(y)[i] = cimag(C99_COMPLEX(x)[i]);
#else
        REAL(y)[i] = COMPLEX(x)[i].i;
#endif
        break;
    case 3: /* Mod */
    case 6: /* abs */
        y = allocVector(REALSXP, n);
        for(i = 0 ; i < n ; i++)
#ifdef HAVE_C99_COMPLEX
        REAL(y)[i] = cabs(C99_COMPLEX(x)[i]);
#else
        REAL(y)[i] = hypot(COMPLEX(x)[i].r, COMPLEX(x)[i].i);
#endif
        break;
    case 4: /* Arg */
        y = allocVector(REALSXP, n);
        for(i = 0 ; i < n ; i++)
#ifdef HAVE_C99_COMPLEX
        REAL(y)[i] = carg(C99_COMPLEX(x)[i]);
#else
        REAL(y)[i] = atan2(COMPLEX(x)[i].i, COMPLEX(x)[i].r);
#endif
        break;
    case 5: /* Conj */
        y = allocVector(CPLXSXP, n);
        for(i = 0 ; i < n ; i++) {
#ifdef HAVE_C99_COMPLEX
        C99_COMPLEX(y)[i] = conj(C99_COMPLEX(x)[i]);
#else
        COMPLEX(y)[i].r = COMPLEX(x)[i].r;
        COMPLEX(y)[i].i = -COMPLEX(x)[i].i;
#endif
        }
        break;
    }
    }
    else if(isNumeric(x)) { /* so no complex numbers involved */
    if(isReal(x)) PROTECT(x);
    else PROTECT(x = coerceVector(x, REALSXP));
    switch(PRIMVAL(op)) {
    case 1: /* Re */
    case 5: /* Conj */
        y = allocVector(REALSXP, n);
        for(i = 0 ; i < n ; i++)
        REAL(y)[i] = REAL(x)[i];
        break;
    case 2: /* Im */
        y = allocVector(REALSXP, n);
        for(i = 0 ; i < n ; i++)
        REAL(y)[i] = 0.0;
        break;
    case 4: /* Arg */
        y = allocVector(REALSXP, n);
        for(i = 0 ; i < n ; i++)
        if(ISNAN(REAL(x)[i]))
            REAL(y)[i] = REAL(x)[i];
        else if (REAL(x)[i] >= 0)
            REAL(y)[i] = 0;
        else
            REAL(y)[i] = M_PI;
        break;
    case 3: /* Mod */
    case 6: /* abs */
        y = allocVector(REALSXP, n);
        for(i = 0 ; i < n ; i++)
        REAL(y)[i] = fabs(REAL(x)[i]);
        break;
    }
    UNPROTECT(1);
    }
    else errorcall(call, _("non-numeric argument to function"));
    PROTECT(x);
    PROTECT(y);
    SET_ATTRIB(y, duplicate(ATTRIB(x)));
    SET_OBJECT(y, OBJECT(x));
    UNPROTECT(2);
    return y;
}

static void z_rround(Rcomplex *r, Rcomplex *x, Rcomplex *p)
{
    r->r = rround(x->r, p->r); /* #defined to fround in Rmath.h */
    r->i = rround(x->i, p->r);
}

#define MAX_DIGITS 22
void z_prec_r(Rcomplex *r, Rcomplex *x, double digits)
{
    double m = 0.0, m1, m2;
    int dig, mag;

    r->r = x->r; r->i = x->i;
    m1 = fabs(x->r); m2 = fabs(x->i);
    if(R_FINITE(m1)) m = m1;
    if(R_FINITE(m2) && m2 > m) m = m2;
    if (m == 0.0) return;
    if (!R_FINITE(digits)) {
    if(digits > 0) return; else {r->r = r->i = 0.0; return ;}
    }
    dig = (int)floor(digits+0.5);
    if (dig > MAX_DIGITS) return; else if (dig < 1) dig = 1;
    mag = (int)floor(log10(m));
    dig = dig - mag - 1;
    if (dig > 306) {
    double pow10 = 1.0e4;
    digits = (double)(dig - 4);
    r->r = rround(pow10 * x->r, digits)/pow10;
    r->i = rround(pow10 * x->i, digits)/pow10;  
    } else {
    digits = (double)(dig);
    r->r = rround(x->r, digits);
    r->i = rround(x->i, digits);
    }
}
static void z_prec(Rcomplex *r, Rcomplex *x, Rcomplex *p)
{
    z_prec_r(r, x, p->r);
}

#ifdef HAVE_C99_COMPLEX
static void z_log(double complex *r, double complex *z) 
{
    *r = clog(*z);
}

static void z_logbase(double complex *r, double complex *z, 
              double complex *base)
{
    *r = clog(*z)/clog(*base);
}

static void z_exp(double complex *r, double complex *z)
{
    *r = cexp(*z);
}

static void z_sqrt(double complex *r, double complex *z)
{
    *r = csqrt(*z);
}
#else
static void z_log(Rcomplex *r, Rcomplex *z)
{
    r->i = atan2(z->i, z->r);
    r->r = log(hypot( z->r, z->i ));
}

static void z_logbase(Rcomplex *r, Rcomplex *z, Rcomplex *base)
{
    Rcomplex t1, t2;
    z_log(&t1, z);
    z_log(&t2, base);
    complex_div(r, &t1, &t2);
}

static void z_exp(Rcomplex *r, Rcomplex *z)
{
    double expx;
    expx = exp(z->r);
    r->r = expx * cos(z->i);
    r->i = expx * sin(z->i);
}

static void z_sqrt(Rcomplex *r, Rcomplex *z)
{
    double mag;

    if( (mag = hypot(z->r, z->i)) == 0.0)
    r->r = r->i = 0.0;
    else if(z->r > 0) {
    r->r = sqrt(0.5 * (mag + z->r) );
    r->i = z->i / r->r / 2;
    }
    else {
    r->i = sqrt(0.5 * (mag - z->r) );
    if(z->i < 0)
        r->i = - r->i;
    r->r = z->i / r->i / 2;
    }
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_C99_COMPLEX
static void z_cos(double complex *r, double complex *z)
{
    *r = ccos(*z);
}

static void z_sin(double complex *r, double complex *z)
{
    *r = csin(*z);
}

static void z_tan(double complex *r, double complex *z)
{
    double y = cimag(*z);
    *r = ctan(*z);
    if(R_FINITE(y) && fabs(y) > 25.0) { 
    /* at this point the real part is nearly zero, and the
       imaginary part is one: but some OSes get the imag wrong */
#if __GNUC__
    __imag__ *r = y < 0 ? -1.0 : 1.0;
#else
    *r = creal(*r) + (y < 0 ? -1.0 : 1.0) * I;
#endif
    }
}

static void z_atan2(double complex *r, double complex *csn,
            double complex *ccs)
{
    if (*ccs == 0) {
    if(*csn == 0) {
#if __GNUC__
        __real__ *r = NA_REAL;
        __imag__ *r = NA_REAL;
#else
        *r = NA_REAL + NA_REAL * I;
#endif
    } else
        *r = fsign(M_PI_2, creal(*csn));
    } else {
    *r = catan(*csn / *ccs);
    if(creal(*ccs) < 0) *r += M_PI;
    if(creal(*r) > M_PI) *r -= 2 * M_PI;
    }
}

static void z_asin(double complex *r, double complex *z)
{
#ifdef Win32
    /* broken for cabs(*z) >= 1 */
    double alpha, t1, t2, x = __real__ *z, y = __imag__ *z;
    t1 = 0.5 * hypot(x + 1, y);
    t2 = 0.5 * hypot(x - 1, y);
    alpha = t1 + t2;
    __real__ *r = asin(t1 - t2);
    __imag__ *r = log(alpha + sqrt(alpha*alpha - 1));
    if(y < 0 || (y == 0 && x > 1)) __imag__ *r *= -1;
#else
    *r = casin(*z);
#endif
}

static void z_acos(double complex *r, double complex *z)
{
#ifdef Win32
    /* broken for cabs(*z) >= 1 */
    double complex Asin;
    z_asin(&Asin, z);
    *r = M_PI_2 - Asin;
#else
    *r = cacos(*z);
#endif
}

static void z_atan(double complex *r, double complex *z)
{
    *r = catan(*z);
}

static void z_acosh(double complex *r, double complex *z)
{
    *r = cacosh(*z);
}

static void z_asinh(double complex *r, double complex *z)
{
    *r = casinh(*z);
}

static void z_atanh(double complex *r, double complex *z)
{
    *r = catanh(*z);
}

static void z_cosh(double complex *r, double complex *z)
{
    *r = ccosh(*z);
}

static void z_sinh(double complex *r, double complex *z)
{
    *r = csinh(*z);
}

static void z_tanh(double complex *r, double complex *z)
{
    *r = ctanh(*z);
}

#else /* not HAVE_C99_COMPLEX */

static void z_cos(Rcomplex *r, Rcomplex *z)
{
    r->r = cos(z->r) * cosh(z->i);
    r->i = - sin(z->r) * sinh(z->i);
}

static void z_sin(Rcomplex *r, Rcomplex *z)
{
    r->r = sin(z->r) * cosh(z->i);
    r->i = cos(z->r) * sinh(z->i);
}

static void z_tan(Rcomplex *r, Rcomplex *z)
{
    double x2, y2, den;
    x2 = 2.0 * z->r;
    y2 = 2.0 * z->i;
    den = cos(x2) + cosh(y2);
    r->r = sin(x2)/den;
    /* any threshold between -log(DBL_EPSILON)
       and log(DBL_XMAX) will do*/
    if (ISNAN(y2) || fabs(y2) < 50.0)
    r->i = sinh(y2)/den;
    else
        r->i = (y2 <0 ? -1.0 : 1.0);
}

    /* Complex Arcsin and Arccos Functions */
    /* Equation (4.4.37) Abramowitz and Stegun */
    /* with additional terms to force the branch */
    /* to agree with figure 4.4, p79.  Continuity */
    /* on the branch cuts (real axis; y==0, |x| > 1) is */
    /* standard: z_asin() is continuous from below if x >= 1 */
    /* and continuous from above if x <= -1. */

static void z_asin(Rcomplex *r, Rcomplex *z)
{
    double alpha, bet, t1, t2, x, y;
    x = z->r;
    y = z->i;
    t1 = 0.5 * hypot(x + 1, y);
    t2 = 0.5 * hypot(x - 1, y);
    alpha = t1 + t2;
    bet = t1 - t2;
    r->r = asin(bet);
    r->i = log(alpha + sqrt(alpha*alpha - 1));
    if(y < 0 || (y == 0 && x > 1)) r->i *= -1;
}

static void z_acos(Rcomplex *r, Rcomplex *z)
{
    Rcomplex Asin;
    z_asin(&Asin, z);
    r->r = M_PI_2 - Asin.r;
    r->i = - Asin.i;
}

    /* Complex Arctangent Function */
    /* Equation (4.4.39) Abramowitz and Stegun */
    /* with additional terms to force the branch cuts */
    /* to agree with figure 4.4, p79.  Continuity */
    /* on the branch cuts (pure imaginary axis; x==0, |y|>1) */
    /* is standard: z_asin() is continuous from the right */
    /*  if y >= 1, and continuous from the left if y <= -1. */

static void z_atan(Rcomplex *r, Rcomplex *z)
{
    double x, y;
    x = z->r;
    y = z->i;
    r->r = 0.5 * atan(2 * x / ( 1 - x * x - y * y));
    r->i = 0.25 * log((x * x + (y + 1) * (y + 1)) /
              (x * x + (y - 1) * (y - 1)));
    if(x*x + y*y > 1) {
    r->r += M_PI_2;
    if(x < 0 || (x == 0 && y < 0)) r->r -= M_PI;
    }
}

static void z_atan2(Rcomplex *r, Rcomplex *csn, Rcomplex *ccs)
{
    Rcomplex tmp;
    if (ccs->r == 0 && ccs->i == 0) {
    if(csn->r == 0 && csn->i == 0) {
        r->r = NA_REAL;
        r->i = NA_REAL;
    }
    else {
        r->r = fsign(M_PI_2, csn->r);
        r->i = 0;
    }
    }
    else {
    complex_div(&tmp, csn, ccs);
    z_atan(r, &tmp);
    if(ccs->r < 0) r->r += M_PI;
    if(r->r > M_PI) r->r -= 2 * M_PI;
    }
}

static void z_acosh(Rcomplex *r, Rcomplex *z)
{
    Rcomplex a;
    z_acos(&a, z);
    r->r = -a.i;
    r->i = a.r;
}

static void z_asinh(Rcomplex *r, Rcomplex *z)
{
    Rcomplex a, b;
    b.r = -z->i;
    b.i =  z->r;
    z_asin(&a, &b);
    r->r =  a.i;
    r->i = -a.r;
}

static void z_atanh(Rcomplex *r, Rcomplex *z)
{
    Rcomplex a, b;
    b.r = -z->i;
    b.i =  z->r;
    z_atan(&a, &b);
    r->r =  a.i;
    r->i = -a.r;
}

static void z_cosh(Rcomplex *r, Rcomplex *z)
{
    Rcomplex a;
    a.r = -z->i;
    a.i =  z->r;
    z_cos(r, &a);
}

static void z_sinh(Rcomplex *r, Rcomplex *z)
{
    Rcomplex a, b;
    b.r = -z->i;
    b.i =  z->r;
    z_sin(&a, &b);
    r->r =  a.i;
    r->i = -a.r;
}

static void z_tanh(Rcomplex *r, Rcomplex *z)
{
    Rcomplex a, b;
    b.r = -z->i;
    b.i =  z->r;
    z_tan(&a, &b);
    r->r =  a.i;
    r->i = -a.r;
}
#endif

static Rboolean cmath1(void (*f)(), Rcomplex *x, Rcomplex *y, int n)
{
    int i;
    Rboolean naflag = FALSE;
    for (i = 0 ; i < n ; i++) {
    if (ISNA(x[i].r) || ISNA(x[i].i)) {
        y[i].r = NA_REAL;
        y[i].i = NA_REAL;
    }
    else {
        f(&y[i], &x[i]);
    }
    }

    return(naflag);
}

SEXP complex_math1(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    SEXP x, y;
    int n;
    Rboolean naflag = FALSE;
    PROTECT(x = CAR(args));
    n = length(x);
    PROTECT(y = allocVector(CPLXSXP, n));

    switch (PRIMVAL(op)) {
    case 10002: naflag = cmath1(z_atan, COMPLEX(x), COMPLEX(y), n); break;
    case 10003: naflag = cmath1(z_log, COMPLEX(x), COMPLEX(y), n); break;

    case 3: naflag = cmath1(z_sqrt, COMPLEX(x), COMPLEX(y), n); break;

    case 10: naflag = cmath1(z_exp, COMPLEX(x), COMPLEX(y), n); break;

    case 20: naflag = cmath1(z_cos, COMPLEX(x), COMPLEX(y), n); break;
    case 21: naflag = cmath1(z_sin, COMPLEX(x), COMPLEX(y), n); break;
    case 22: naflag = cmath1(z_tan, COMPLEX(x), COMPLEX(y), n); break;
    case 23: naflag = cmath1(z_acos, COMPLEX(x), COMPLEX(y), n); break;
    case 24: naflag = cmath1(z_asin, COMPLEX(x), COMPLEX(y), n); break;

    case 30: naflag = cmath1(z_cosh, COMPLEX(x), COMPLEX(y), n); break;
    case 31: naflag = cmath1(z_sinh, COMPLEX(x), COMPLEX(y), n); break;
    case 32: naflag = cmath1(z_tanh, COMPLEX(x), COMPLEX(y), n); break;
    case 33: naflag = cmath1(z_acosh, COMPLEX(x), COMPLEX(y), n); break;
    case 34: naflag = cmath1(z_asinh, COMPLEX(x), COMPLEX(y), n); break;
    case 35: naflag = cmath1(z_atanh, COMPLEX(x), COMPLEX(y), n); break;

#ifdef NOTYET
    MATH1(40, lgammafn);
    MATH1(41, gammafn);
#endif

    default:
    errorcall(call, _("unimplemented complex function"));
    }
    if (naflag)
    warning("NAs produced in function \"%s\"", PRIMNAME(op));
    SET_ATTRIB(y, duplicate(ATTRIB(x)));
    SET_OBJECT(y, OBJECT(x));
    UNPROTECT(2);
    return y;
}

/* FIXME : Use the trick in arithmetic.c to eliminate "modulo" ops */

static SEXP cmath2(SEXP op, SEXP sa, SEXP sb, void (*f)())
{
    int i, n, na, nb;
    Rcomplex ai, bi, *a, *b, *y;
    SEXP sy;
    int naflag = 0;
    na = length(sa);
    nb = length(sb);
    if ((na == 0) || (nb == 0))
    return(allocVector(CPLXSXP, 0));
    n = (na < nb) ? nb : na;
    PROTECT(sa = coerceVector(sa, CPLXSXP));
    PROTECT(sb = coerceVector(sb, CPLXSXP));
    PROTECT(sy = allocVector(CPLXSXP, n));
    a = COMPLEX(sa);
    b = COMPLEX(sb);
    y = COMPLEX(sy);
    naflag = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    ai = a[i % na];
    bi = b[i % nb];
    if(ISNA(ai.r) && ISNA(ai.i) &&
       ISNA(bi.r) && ISNA(bi.i)) {
        y[i].r = NA_REAL;
        y[i].i = NA_REAL;
    }
    else {
        f(&y[i], &ai, &bi);
    }
    }
    if (naflag)
    warning("NAs produced in function \"%s\"", PRIMNAME(op));
    if(n == na) {
    SET_ATTRIB(sy, duplicate(ATTRIB(sa)));
    SET_OBJECT(sy, OBJECT(sa));
    }
    else if(n == nb) {
    SET_ATTRIB(sy, duplicate(ATTRIB(sb)));
    SET_OBJECT(sy, OBJECT(sb));
    }
    UNPROTECT(3);
    return sy;
}

    /* Complex Functions of Two Arguments */

SEXP complex_math2(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    switch (PRIMVAL(op)) {
    case 10001:
    return cmath2(op, CAR(args), CADR(args), z_rround);
    case 10002:
    return cmath2(op, CAR(args), CADR(args), z_atan2);
    case 10003:
    return cmath2(op, CAR(args), CADR(args), z_logbase);
    case 10004:
    return cmath2(op, CAR(args), CADR(args), z_prec);
    case 0:
    return cmath2(op, CAR(args), CADR(args), z_atan2);
    default:
    errorcall_return(call, _("unimplemented complex function"));
    }
}

SEXP attribute_hidden do_complex(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    /* complex(length, real, imaginary) */
    SEXP ans, re, im;
    int i, na, nr, ni;
    na = asInteger(CAR(args));
    if(na == NA_INTEGER || na < 0)
    errorcall(call, _("invalid length"));
    PROTECT(re = coerceVector(CADR(args), REALSXP));
    PROTECT(im = coerceVector(CADDR(args), REALSXP));
    nr = length(re);
    ni = length(im);
    /* is always true: if (na >= 0) {*/
    na = (nr > na) ? nr : na;
    na = (ni > na) ? ni : na;
    /* }*/
    ans = allocVector(CPLXSXP, na);
    for(i=0 ; i<na ; i++) {
    COMPLEX(ans)[i].r = 0;
    COMPLEX(ans)[i].i = 0;
    }
    UNPROTECT(2);
    if(na > 0 && nr > 0) {
    for(i=0 ; i<na ; i++)
        COMPLEX(ans)[i].r = REAL(re)[i%nr];
    }
    if(na > 0 && ni > 0) {
    for(i=0 ; i<na ; i++)
        COMPLEX(ans)[i].i = REAL(im)[i%ni];
    }
    return ans;
}


SEXP attribute_hidden do_polyroot(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    SEXP z, zr, zi, r, rr, ri;
    Rboolean fail;
    int degree, i, n;

    checkArity(op, args);
    z = CAR(args);
    switch(TYPEOF(z)) {
    case CPLXSXP:
    PROTECT(z);
    break;
    case REALSXP:
    case INTSXP:
    case LGLSXP:
    PROTECT(z = coerceVector(z, CPLXSXP));
    break;
    default:
    UNIMPLEMENTED_TYPE("polyroot", z);
    }
    n = length(z);
    degree = 0;
    for(i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    if(COMPLEX(z)[i].r!= 0.0 || COMPLEX(z)[i].i != 0.0) degree = i;
    }
    n = degree + 1; /* omit trailing zeroes */
    if(degree >= 1) {
    if(n > 49) errorcall(call, _("polynomial degree too high (49 max)"));
    /* <==>  #define NMAX 50  in  ../appl/cpoly.c */

    /* if(COMPLEX(z)[n-1].r == 0.0 && COMPLEX(z)[n-1].i == 0.0)
       errorcall(call, "highest power has coefficient 0");*/

    PROTECT(rr = allocVector(REALSXP, n));
    PROTECT(ri = allocVector(REALSXP, n));
    PROTECT(zr = allocVector(REALSXP, n));
    PROTECT(zi = allocVector(REALSXP, n));

    for(i=0 ; i<n ; i++) {
        if(!R_FINITE(COMPLEX(z)[i].r) || !R_FINITE(COMPLEX(z)[i].i))
        errorcall(call, _("invalid polynomial coefficient"));
        REAL(zr)[degree-i] = COMPLEX(z)[i].r;
        REAL(zi)[degree-i] = COMPLEX(z)[i].i;
    }
    R_cpolyroot(REAL(zr), REAL(zi), &degree, REAL(rr), REAL(ri), &fail);
    if(fail) errorcall(call, _("root finding code failed"));
    UNPROTECT(2);
    r = allocVector(CPLXSXP, degree);
    for(i=0 ; i<degree ; i++) {
        COMPLEX(r)[i].r = REAL(rr)[i];
        COMPLEX(r)[i].i = REAL(ri)[i];
    }
    UNPROTECT(3);
    }
    else {
    UNPROTECT(1);
    r = allocVector(CPLXSXP, 0);
    }
    return r;
}