Building from a source-code library under Windows
=================================================

[If you are reading this file as part of the full R source distribution,
you need to build R first: see file INSTALL.]

If your package has no C nor Fortran nor C++ sources, see `Simple ports' 
near the bottom of this file.

First collect the tools that you need.  There is a `portal' with
current links at http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/pub/Rtools/.


You will need suitable versions of at least make, sh, cat, cp, diff,
echo, g(awk), mkdir, mv, rm, sed; we have packaged a set at
http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/pub/Rtools/tools.zip extracted from the
cygwin distribution (http://www.cygwin.com/mirrors.html) or (gzip,
tar) compiled from the sources.

BEWARE: `Native' ports of make are _not_ suitable (including that at
the mingw32 site).  There are also problems with several earlier
versions of the cygwin1.dll and we have used version 1.1.6.  To avoid
frustration, please use our tool set.


We recommend that you use the mingw32 port of gcc-2.95.2 by Mumit Khan
from http://www.mingw.org/ or
ftp://ftp.xraylith.wisc.edu/pub/khan/gnu-win32/mingw32. (The `portal'
gives more precise instructions.)  As R itself is built against
msvcrt.dll, we recommend that you use that version of the compilers.

It may also be possible to use the compilers from the cygwin 1.1 net
release with the -mno-cygwin flag.  (You will need the cygwin, gcc,
mingw32, w32api and binutils bundles. You will need to ensure that
you have only one version of cygwin1.dll in your path, and there is
one in our tools distribution.)  You can no longer use earlier
versions (e.g. b20) of cygwin, and you cannot take advantage of
msvcrt.dll this way.  You most likely cannot build addons using C++
with cygwin, as cygwin does not provide mingw versions of the C++
libraries.


perl5, available via http://www.activestate.com/Products/ActivePerl/


If you want to make compiled html (.chm) files you will need the
Microsoft HTML Help Workshop, available for download at 
http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/tools/htmlhelp/wkshp/download.htm.
You may need this on the same drive as the other tools (although we
have successfully used it elsewhere, others have reported problems).

If you want to make Window help files you will need hcrtf.exe from a
Windows compiler installation (this has been available for download at
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/softlib/mslfiles/hcwsetup.exe).


For large packages it is helpful to make zipped help and/or data
files: for that you need zip and unzip from the Info-ZIP project
(www.info-zip.org and mirrors, and included in our tools.zip).


All of these need to be installed and in your path, and the
appropriate environment variables set.  Edit MkRules to set BUILD and
the appropriate paths as needed.  (IMPORTANT: if you use cygwin you
must edit MkRules and set BUILD=CYGWIN.)

BEWARE: if you have Norton Anti-Virus you may need to disable it.

BEWARE: Don't expect this to work if the path to R_HOME contains spaces.

Then

	cd R_HOME\src\gnuwin32
	make libR.a

which might take several minutes. (We have seen times from 30 secs to
20 minutes depending on processor speed, RAM, disk speed and
compiler. Using a network file system is likely to take longer. With
mingw32, gcc-2.95.2.1 and later only take a few seconds.)  This only
needs to be done once for each R release.


At this point there are two approaches:

1) Streamlined way

Assuming that ...\rw1021\bin is in your path, use

	Rcmd INSTALL package

where `package' can be a directory or a .tar.gz file.  See
Rcmd INSTALL --help for a full list of options, which include

  -l, --library=LIB	install packages to library tree LIB
      --docs=TYPE	type(s) of documentation to build and install
      --use-zip-data	collect data files in zip archive
      --use-zip-help	collect help and examples into zip archives
      --use-zip		combine `--use-zip-data' and `--use-zip-help'

TYPE can be "none" or "normal" or "chm" (the default) or "winhlp" or "all"


2) Manual `full-control'

For each package you want to install, unpack it to a directory, say
mypkg, in R_HOME\src\library, and run

	cd R_HOME\src\gnuwin32
	make pkg-mypkg


Customising compilation
=======================

The Makefiles can be customized: in particular the name of the DLL can
be set (for example we once needed integrate-DLLNM=adapt), the compile
flags can be set (see the examples in MakeDll) and the types of help
(if any) to be generated can be chosen (variables HELP and WINHELP).
The simplest way to customize the compilation steps is to set variables in
a file src\Makevars.win, which will automatically be included by MakeDLL.
For example, for RODBC src\Makevars.win could include the line

DLLLIBS+=-lodbc32

or, equivalently,

RODBC-DLLLIBS=-lodbc32

If you have a file src\Makefile.win, that will be used as the makefile
for source compilation in place of our makefile MakeDll.

BEWARE: files src\Makefile or src\Makevars will be used if they exist
and the .win equivalents do not.  Such files included in package
sources are usually designed for use under Unix and are best removed.

BEWARE: references to variables in R.dll are converted to the
right form by including "globalvar.h" in the C source.  If you use
your own Makefile.win or set CFLAGS (rather than append to it) you may
need to include "globalvar.h" explicitly.  (References to exported
variables may lurk inside the macros of Rinternals.h and Rdefines.h.)


Using zipped help files
=======================

You will need zip installed, of course. Just run

	make ziponly-mypkg

after building mypkg.  Target `ziphelp-mypkg' will make the zip files
but not remove the separate files: this can be used for testing.

This is an option to Rcmd INSTALL.


Using zipped data files
=======================

You will need zip installed. Just run

	make zipdata-mypkg

after building mypkg.  This is recommended if you have either many small
data files (as in package Devore5) or a few large data files.

This is an option to Rcmd INSTALL.


Checking and building packages
==============================

The equivalent of `R CMD check mypkg' on Unix is

	Rcmd check mypkg

Use `Rcmd check --help' for full details.  There is an analogous call for
build.

You may need to set TMPDIR to a suitable temporary directory: the
default is c:\TEMP.

These have been used successfully under NT/2000.  We have seen
problems with some Perl versions on Win 95/8/ME.  make pkgcheck-mypkg
will perform the tests of the examples and tests directory, as far
as we know on all OSes.


Debugging
=========

See the rw-FAQ.


Using Visual C++
================

You may if you prefer use Visual C++ to make the DLLs (unless they use
Fortran source!). First build the import library R.lib by

	lib /def:R.exp /out:Rdll.lib

Then you can compile the objects and build the DLL by

	cl /MT /Ox /D "WIN32"  /c *.c
	link /dll /def:mypkg.def /out:mypkg.dll *.obj Rdll.lib

where you will need to create the .def file by hand listing the entry
points to be exported.  (If there are just a few you can use /export
flags instead.) If the C sources use R header files you will need to
arrange for these to be searched, perhaps by including in the cl line

	/I ..\..\..\include

If you build a debug version of the DLL in the development
environment, you can debug the DLL code there just by setting the
executable to be debugged as the full path to the R front-end.

Extra care is needed when referencing variables (rather than
functions) exported from R.dll.  These must be declared
__declspec(dllimport).  A list of the relevant variables is in the
file `exported-vars'.


Using Borland C++
=================

Borland C++5.5 is available as a free download from
http://www.borland.com/bcppbuilder/freecompiler/ and as part of C++
Builder 5.  The following will make convolve.dll from convolve.c (flag
-6 optimizes for a Pentium Pro/II/III, and -u- removes extra underscores)

bcc32 -u- -6 -O2 -WDE convolve.c

You can build an import library for R.dll by copying R.exp to R.def and
using

implib R.lib R.def

and then add R.lib to the bcc32 command line, for example (from
Venables & Ripley's `S Programming')

bcc32 -u- -6 -O2 -WDE -I\R\rw1010\src\include VCrndR.c R.lib

We believe that when referencing variables (rather than functions)
exported from R.dll these must be declared __declspec(dllimport) just
as for VC++.


Using other compilers and languages
===================================

To use C++ see the section in the R for Windows FAQ.  You can include
C++ code in packages as from R 1.1.1, and the supplied Makefiles will
compile with g++ and link the DLL using g++ (and hence link against
libstc++.a).  Use of C++ I/O may or may not work, and has been seen
to crash R.

For other compilers you will need to arrange to produce a DLL with
cdecl (also known as _cdecl or __cdecl) linkage.  The mingw32 port
(and VC++) uses no `name mangling' at all, so that if for example your
compiler adds leading or trailing underscores you will need to use the
transformed symbol in the call to .C in your R code.  Many compilers
can produce cdecl DLLs by a suitable choice of flags, but if yours
cannot you may need to write some `glue' code in C to interface to the
DLL.

If you use .Fortran this appends an underscore and does no case
conversion at all to the symbol name.  It is normally best to use
.C with compilers other than g77 and map the name manually if necessary.

Care is needed in passing character strings to and from a DLL by .C:
they must be equivalent to the C type char** and null-terminated.  Not
even the mingw32 g77 Fortran uses null-terminated strings.

WARNING: DLLs made with some compilers reset the FPU in their startup
code (Delphi is one), and this will cause operations such as 0./0. to
crash R.  You can re-set the FPU to the correct values by a call to
the C entry point Rwin_fpset().


Simple Ports
============

If your package has no C nor Fortran nor C++ sources, several steps
can be omitted.

You will need 

suitable versions of Unix tools including make, sh, rm, sed, awk,
mkdir, echo, cp and cat; we have packaged a set at
http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/pub/Rtools/tools.zip.

perl5, available via http://www.activestate.com/Products/ActivePerl/

All of these need to be installed and in your path, and the
appropriate environment variables set.

For each package you want to install, unpack it to a directory, say
mypkg, in RHOME\src\library, and run

	cd RHOME\src\gnuwin32
	make pkg-mypkg


If you have a Unix/Linux box, it will suffice to zip up the Unix
installation of the package.  Install the package, then

	cd `R RHOME`/library
	zip -rl /dest/mypkg.zip mypkg

(the -l flag converts to CRLF line endings: it is not necessary but
users may want to read the information files in a Windows editor).

zip is often installed on Linux machines, and sources and binaries for
Unix boxes are available via the Info-Zip site given above.


Non-standard locations
======================

You can specify the location of the package source by PKGDIR and the
library in which to install the package by RLIB, as in

	make PKGDIR=/mysources RLIB=/R/library pkg-mypkg

which installs the package in \mysources\mypkg as \R\library\mypkg.

It may well be simpler to use

	Rcmd INSTALL -l /R/library /mysources/mypkg


Cross-building packages on Linux
================================

It is straightforward to build a package on a ix86-linux system,
although it is not possible (as far as we know) to cross-build .chm or
.hlp files.  For a package without compiled code you can just zip up
the Linux installation of the package.

First you need to set up the cross-compilers and tools (see file
src/gnuwin32/INSTALL in the full source distribution) and have them
in your path. We will assume that your Linux installation has Perl5,
unzip and zip.

Edit MkRules to set BUILD=CROSS and the appropriate paths (including
HEADER) as needed, and check that Makefile has WINHELP set to NO.

Then packages can be made as natively, for example by

	cd .../src/gnuwin32
	make PKGDIR=/mysources RLIB=/R/win/library pkg-mypkg
	make PKGDIR=/mysources RLIB=/R/win/library pkgcheck-mypkg
	cd /R/win/library
	zip -rl /dest/mypkg.zip mypkg

(Rcmd is a Windows executable, so cannot be used.)


Feedback
========

Please send comments and bug reports to (preferably both of)

    Guido Masarotto <guido@hal.stat.unipd.it>
    Brian Ripley <ripley@stats.ox.ac.uk>